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1-2 Motivation and Scope 5 Table 1-1: Non-Exhaustive list of ORC system manufacturers (Adapted from VeĢlez F. et. al. [3] and Quoilin S. et. al. [6]) Manufacturer ORMAT, US Turboden, Italy Adoratec/Maxxtec, Germany Opcon, Sweden GMK, Germany Bosch KWK, Germany Turboden PureCycle, US GE CleanCycle Cryostar, France Tri-o-gen, Netherlands Electratherm, US FREEPOWER , England Infinity Turbine, US Barber Nichols, US Lti REEnergy, Germany Eneftech, Switzerland TransPacific Energy, US Waste Heat Recovery (WHR),Combined Heat and Power (CHP) Power Range [kWe] 200-70000 200-2000 315-1600 350-800 50-5000 65-325 280 125 N/A 160 50 120 10-50, >250 700, 2000, 2700 3 5-10, 20-30 100-5000 Heat Source Temperature [oC] 150-300 100-300 300 <120 120-350 120-150 91-149 >121 100-400 >350 >93 >110 <90, 90-120 >115 >160 120 - 200 30-480 Applications Geothermal, WHR, Solar Biomass-CHP, WHR, Geothermal Biomass-CHP WHR WHR, Geothermal, Biomass-CHP WHR WHR, Geothermal WHR WHR, Geothermal WHR WHR, Solar Biomass-CHP, Solar, Geothermal Geothermal, WHR Geothermal, WHR WHR Geothermal, Biomass-CHP, Solar, WHR Solar, Geothermal, WHR Technology Fluid: n-pentane Turbine: Two-stage axial Generator: Synchronous Fluids: OMTS, Solkatherm Turbine: Two-stage axial Fluid: OMTS Fluid: Ammonia Turbine: Lysholm Turbine: Multi-stage axial Fluid: R245fa Fluid: R245fa Turbine: Radial inflow Fluid: R245fa Turbine: Single stage radial inflow Fluids: R245fa, R134a Turbine: Radial inflow Fluid: Toluene Turbine: Radial turbo-expander Fluid: R245fa Expander: Twin screw Turbine: High speed multi-stage axial Fluid: R134a, R245fa N/A N/A Expander: Scroll Fluid: TPE Figure 1-3: Market evolution (left) and share of each application in terms of number of units (right) (Adapted from Quoilin S. et. al.[6]) 1-2 Motivation and Scope One of the most important characteristics which determine the performance of an ORC system is the selection of the working fluid. The selected fluid should not only exhibit favorable physical, chemical, environmental, safety and economic properties such as low specific volume, viscosity, toxicity, flammability, ozone depletion potential (ODP), global warming potential (GWP) and cost but also contribute to favorable process attributes such as high efficiency or moderate pressure in heat exchangers [13]. Traditionally, the working fluid is selected by a trial and error procedure through ex- perience of similar systems. A set of possible working fluid candidates are identified using heuristic knowledge about the process based on similar systems. These candidates are then assessed in a process simulation scheme and optimized [5]. Such an approach bears the risk to exclude the optimal working fluids from further consideration if the process objectives are Master of Science Thesis Akshay HattiangadiPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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