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2-3 Working Fluid Candidates 11 The next step of the approach is where discrete decisions have to be taken in order to map the fluid parameters from the optimization step onto real substances. The following section gives a brief background on the second step. 2-2-2 Step Two: Structure Mapping The continuous molecular targeting step yields the optimum process setting with the optimal PCP-SAFT parameters of the hypothetical working fluid molecule. In order to translate these findings into reality, the fluid parameters have to be mapped onto real substances where discrete decisions have to be taken. Group-contribution methods could be a suitable tool though they are still being developed for the most advanced SAFT models [16]. A database search to find the real molecule closest to the hypothetical solvent in parameter space seems to be an efficient method to find the real fluid. Bardow et. al [16] and Lampe et. al. [5] proposed the use of a Taylor approximation to predict the change in the objective function depending on the differences in the parameters given by ∂f 1 ∂2f f(y) ≃ f(y∗) + (y − y∗) + (y − y∗)T (y − y∗) (2-6) ∂y 2 ∂y2 The mapping procedure implemented in this work has been described in Chapter 3. 2-3 Working Fluid Candidates The important differences between water and organic fluid were highlighted in Chapter 1. The following section presents a brief review on potential working fluids. Working fluids may belong to the one of the following groups: 1. Hydrocarbons 2. Perfluorocarbons 3. Siloxanes 4. Partially fluro-substituted straight chain hydrocarbons 5. Ether and fluorinated ether 6. Alcohols 7. Inorganics Table A-1 in Appendix A lists the potential working fluid candidates. Siloxanes are an in- teresting family of working fluids which have low- or non- toxicity, non-corrosiveness, good thermal stability and limited flammability, they are also good lubricants, and are used, as mixtures, as high-temperature heat transfer fluids [28]. Angelino and Invernizzi [29] studied the use of cyclic siloxanes in low-capacity space power cycles. They concluded that by adopt- ing siloxanes as working fluids, a high overall conversion efficiency can be achieved by means Master of Science Thesis Akshay HattiangadiPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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