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20 Model Table 3-3: Main characteristics of the ORC system Parameter Gas mass flow rate - Exhaust Gas mass flow rate - EGR Gas temperature - Exhaust evaporator inlet Gas temperature - EGR evaporator inlet Circulation Pump Isentropic Efficiency Cooling Water Pump Isentropic Efficiency Superheating at turbine inlet Maximum evaporation pressure ∆T pinch point regenerator ∆T pinch point condenser Mechanical efficiencies (pump, turbine) Lower terminal temperature difference in evaporators Unit Value kg/s 0.225 kg/s 0.127 oC 307 oC 429 % 65 % 75 K Tevap + 5 bar 40 K 25 K 5 % 98 K 25 Table 3-4: Flue gas composition based on Bombarda et al. [38] Component Nitrogen Oxygen Steam Carbon dioxide Argon Percentage [%] 74.6 11.7 6.7 5.9 1.1 been considered to be part of the auxiliary power consumption to limit the cooling water flow rate and allow for a realistic condenser. The isentropic efficiency of the pumps have been specified based on heuristic knowledge from similar systems. Figure 3-4 illustrates the process flow diagram of the ORC system described above which has been modeled in Cycle-Tempo [8]. One of the most critical component of this system is the turbine; therefore its feasibility has been evaluated by performing the preliminary design of a radial turbine. The following section presents a description of this model. 3-3 Turbine Model Organic fluids exhibit significant advantages in a variety of applications; one of the most important being the possibility of designing low stress, economic and efficient turbines for temperature ranges at which a steam turbine becomes unattractive and inefficient [39]. These fluids possess certain characteristics which influence the design of turbines. These are: 1. Small Enthalpy Drop Enthalpy drop is relatively small due to the fluid’s large molecular mass. Thus there exists a possibility for designing a single-stage high-velocity ratio turbines with moderate peripheral speed and centrifugal stresses. 2. Low speed of sound The low speed of sound results in high Mach numbers of inlet flow velocity relative to the rotor velocity. This influences the design of the rotor inlet and outlet as the Mach numbers should be limited to minimize shock losses. Akshay Hattiangadi Master of Science ThesisPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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