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3-3 Turbine Model 21 3. Large expansion Ratio It implies a larger volume flow rate ratio per stage and hence presents difficulties in the form of large rotor blade height variation between the inlet and outlet and higher Mach numbers. 4. Higher density and lower specific volume These properties allow the use of a turbine with smaller overall dimensions and flow passage when compared to water. Thus some compromise must be found between the volume flow ratio and enthalpy drops to allow reasonable inlet Mach numbers and rotor blade height variations. A single stage axial turbine can be used if the volume flow ratio is not too high. In case of high volume flow ratio, multi-stage axial flow turbine or radial(centrifugal) flow turbines can be considered. The thermodynamic system considered, in this work, requires the turbine to be small and light because of the type of application. An axial turbine is a less attractive option because the blades have to be made very small and numerous which leads to higher friction losses and blockage effects. Furthermore, the running clearance necessary between blade tips and shroud become a significant fraction of the blade height and thus the tip leakage losses can be quite severe. Another disadvantage of a small axial turbine is the increase in problems and expenses of manufacturing of the blades. Sauret and Rowlands [40] mention a few advantages of using a radial turbine for ORC systems such as better off design performance, less sensitivity to blade profile inaccuracies, robustness under increased blade load and relative ease of manufacturing. Thus considering the limitations on the dimensions and weight, a radial turbine has been considered. The following sections outline the details of a radial turbine model used in this work. 3-3-1 Radial Turbine A Radial turbine is a work producing device which consists of essentially two parts: a stator in which the working fluid is expanded and turned to give it a circumferential velocity about the axis of the machines and a rotor through which the flow passes and produces work. Additionally, an inlet is provided to guide the fluid to the stator. Downstream of the rotor, the fluid often has significant velocity and hence by means of employing a diffuser can be recovered. The following paragraphs highlight the important parts of a radial turbine [1]. Inlet Working fluid most commonly approaches either in an axisymmetric annular flow or in the tangential direction. In the former case, the flow enters the stator in a radially inward direction and the vanes must turn it to give it swirl or tangential velocity at the inlet to the rotor. In the latter case, the design of the inlet casing must be such as to turn the linear approaching flow and distribute it about the circumference of the turbine and hence the casing is made in a spiral shape with maximum cross-section area at inlet and decreases with azimuth angle about the turbine axis. This casing is often called a volute or scroll. Master of Science Thesis Akshay HattiangadiPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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