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22 Model In this work, the flow is considered to be entering in an axisymmetric annular direction and hence a vaned nozzle is required at the inlet in order to provide the swirl component to the velocity. Figure 3-5 illustrates a radial turbine with vaned nozzle. Figure 3-5: Radial Turbine with vaned nozzle (adapted from Whitfield and Baines [1]) Stator The fluid enters in a radially inward direction where in the fluid must be turned by an annular ring of vanes in order to give it a swirl or tangential velocity and accelerated before entering the rotor. These vanes are required to perform a similar role as the nozzle guide vane row of an axial turbine and is often developed from an axial section geometrically transformed into the radial plane. A minimum working clearance must be left between the vane trailing edges and the rotor tip. In cases where the flow enters in a tangential direction, the stator is much simpler in design. The stator has a large influence on the mass flow rate of the fluid in the turbine. At high pressure ratios, a nozzled turbine chokes at the throat and limits the mass flow rate. The stator losses are relatively smaller in magnitude when compared to the rotor losses and hence can be ignored in some cases. However the losses may be higher in case of a very high pressure ratio wherein supersonic expansion occurs downstream of the throat accompanied by turning of the flow towards the radial direction leading to shock waves. As this area is still not investigated completely, these losses have not been considered in this preliminary design. Rotor The purpose of the rotor is to transfer the kinetic energy of the moving fluid to the output shaft. Its design and performance is strongly influenced by the design of the stator. Fur- thermore, the rotor is a major source of loss generation through effects like skin friction on the rotating blades and hub and the stationary casing, over-tip leakage in the clearance gap between the blades and the casing and secondary flows which distributes a low momentum boundary layer fluid through the passage which are . The flow at the inlet of the rotor is predominantly in a radial-tangential plane and in the inward radial direction. Work extraction proceeds very quickly as the flow moves inwards Akshay Hattiangadi Master of Science ThesisPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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