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30 Model d d d d d (a) Sub-critical conditions d d d d d d d d d d d d YY (b) Super-critical conditions Figure 3-13: Evaporator T-Q diagrams A function to calculate the pinch point temperature difference for the evaporators has been implemented to prevent the violation of the second law of thermodynamics. For supercritical conditions, the T-Q diagram is divided into a number of small subsections and the temper- ature difference at each section is calculated. The minimum temperature difference gives the approximate location of the pinch point. For sub-critical conditions, an energy balance is done in the evaporator. The temperature difference between the saturated temperature and fluegas temperature is evaluated. The minimum value of either the lower terminal tem- perature difference or this difference is the location of the pinch point. Appendix B lists the MATLAB function for pinch point evaluation implemented in this work. In order to define an optimization problem, it is important to define its objective. The following section describes the definition of this objective function. 3-5 Objective Function The objective function can include not only the working fluid properties but also system objective functions. Thus by combining both of them, a trade-off between different working fluids and its effect on the system is directly achieved. A number of properties based on Ther- modynamic, Environmental, Safety and System-related performance measures as proposed in the work of Papadopoulos et al. [13] can be considered in order to find the potential working fluid candidates. These properties are elaborated as follows: 1. Density (ρ) of the working fluid should be high either in liquid or vapor phase as it leads to increased mass flow rate and reduced equipment size. 2. Latent heat of vaporization (Hv) of the working fluid may be high as it enables most of the available heat to be added during the phase change operation and hence in this process, avoiding the need to regulate super-heating [48]. However, according to Yamamoto T. et al. [49], as the Turbine Inlet Temperature cannot be controlled for low grade heat sources, the working fluid must have low latent heat in addition to high density to increase the turbine inlet temperature. These contrasting arguments need to Akshay Hattiangadi Master of Science Thesis >d, >d, >d> >d> PDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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