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3-5 Objective Function 31 be evaluated further and hence the latent heat of vaporization is not considered as a fluid performance measure in this work. 3. Viscosity (μ) of the working fluid should be low in both liquid and vapor phases in order to increase the heat transfer coefficient with reduced power consumption. 4. Thermal Conductivity (λ) must be high to have a high heat transfer coefficient in the heat-exchangers. 5. Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) and Global Warming Potential (GWP) should be either very low or zero. ODP can be calculated by using correlations and data avail- able in literature. Calm et. al. [50] have proposed generic guidelines for estimation of ODP and GWP for refrigerants. Kazakov et. al. [51] have recently developed a sys- tematic method to estimate the GWP solely from molecular structure for refrigerants. The feasibility to extend these methods to siloxanes and other working fluids must be investigated in detail. 6. Toxicity should be as low as possible and can be calculated by using group contribution methods that were developed based on the acute toxicity of chemical substances [13]. 7. Lower Flammability Limit at the turbine inlet temperature and pressure must be as high as possible to prevent the ignition of the working fluid. Kazakov et. al. [51] have developed a method to estimate this limit based on the enthalpy of formation for refrigerants. The application of this technique to working fluids such as siloxane must be investigated and is out of the scope of this work. 8. Maximum Operating Pressure should be generally moderate in order to save the costs of using expensive equipment. 9. Minimum Condensing Pressure should be high enough to design a finite sized condenser. 10. Maximum Flow-rate should be low to reduce operating costs 11. Thermal Stability of the fluid should generally be high. Table 3-6 summarizes the above points which can be considered as performance measures. The optimization problem is oriented to the design the system, and it is focused on the Table 3-6: Fluid and system performance measures (adapted from Papadopoulos et. al. [13]) Thermodynamic Density Specific Heat Capacity Viscosity Thermal Conductivity Thermal Stability Environmental Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) Global Warming Potential Safety Toxicity Flammability System-related Net Power Output Maximum operating pressure Mass flow-rate Minimum Condensing Pressure maximization of the output power. The working fluids are limited to the family of siloxanes which have high thermal stability, high density, suitable critical point for high-temperature Master of Science Thesis Akshay HattiangadiPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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