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54 Conclusion heat recovery opportunities, like power conversion from the charged air cooler and cooling systems have been considered to be too challenging for the current status of automotive heat recovery technology. The Cycle Tempo model of the turbogenerator has been validated with the model results from literature. The search space for the fluids has been limited to the family of siloxanes which not only adheres to the technical, environmental, and toxicological requirements typical of the automotive sector but also allows for the implementation of a preliminary radial turbine model, whose shaft can be lubricated by the working fluid itself. The turbine has been modeled based on the methodology of using non-dimensional pa- rameters, the values for which have been taken from previous work on radial turbines for gas turbines. The hypothetical optimum fluid is found to be between MM and MDM. The cycle with MDM gives an output power of 9.77 kW. The preliminary design of the ORC radial turbine resulted in a compact turbine with a rotor diameter of 7 cm and a calculated isentropic efficiency of 81.13% and high rotational speed of 66880 rpm. With MM as working fluid, although the output power is slightly higher with a value of 10.20 kW but it would require smaller turbines with high rotation speeds of about 133,858 rpm. The MM cycle also operates at a much higher pressure of around 20.73 bar. Thus the gain in output power is considerably less from MDM to MM while the high pressure and rotational speeds would mean a much more expensive system. The blade height at the rotor inlet is significantly small of the order of 1.7 mm which might have also have a negative impact on the turbine efficiency, manufacturing and operation in which case. Partial-admission is one of the pos- sibilities to increase the blade height at the rotor inlet. The turbine model used did not influence the selection of the optimal hypothetical working fluid when compared to a turbine with constant efficiency. However, due to uncertainties in the efficiency prediction from the preliminary radial turbine model implemented and the limited fluid search space, there is not enough evidence to conclude that the turbine model does not affect the fluid selection within the optimization framework. It is important to note that the evaluation of the achievable turbine efficiency, and thus of the achievable power output of the ORC system would require experimental information on small ORC turbines, which is lacking at the moment. The pinch point analysis function for the heat exchangers has been implemented in this tool. This has been tested on the evaporators powered by the exhaust and the EGR system. The exergy loss in the EGR evaporator is quite high in case of MDM. Additionally, the size of the condenser and regenerator are larger due to lower density of fluid from the turbine outlet. An organic working fluid made of a simpler molecule would result in a more compressed thermodynamic cycle, more compact heat exchangers, it might require a supercritical cycle configuration, and would entail a smaller and faster, and possibly far less performing single- stage turbine. 5-2 Recommendations The search space of fluids in this work has been restricted to the family of siloxanes. Once a sufficiently detailed and accurate molecular model is available, the scope of the tool can be extended to other fluids. The segment number has been used as the only optimization variable for the fluid parameters. In case the domain of fluids is extended, the use of other pure component parameters viz. segment diameter and segment energy in addition to the segment number will yield better results. The specific heat capacity model can be improved Akshay Hattiangadi Master of Science ThesisPDF Image | Working Fluid Design for Organic Rankine Cycle
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