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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal Figure 9.5 GHP in the heating cycle Source: Oklahoma State University HEAT EXCHANGER REFRIGERANT / AIR (CONDENSER) WARM SUPPLY AIR TO CONDITIONED SPACE REFRIGE RANT REVERSING VALVE COOL RETURN AIR FROM CONDITIONED SP ACE EXPANSION VALVE DOMESTIC HOT WATER EX CHANGE R ( DE S U P E R H E A T E R ) IN OUT HEAT EXCHANGER REFRIGERANT / WATER (EVAPORATOR) TO / FROM GROUND HEAT EXCHANGER ( GEO THE RMAL ) DOMESTIC WATER Technical Potential REFRIGERANT COMPRESSOR The main advantage of geothermal heating and power generation systems is that they are available 24 hours per day, 365 days a year and are only shut down for maintenance. Power generation systems typically have capacity factors of 95% (i.e. operate at nearly full capacity year round), whereas direct-use systems have a capacity factor around 25 to 30%, owing to heating not being required year round. Heat pump systems have operating capacities of around 10–20% in the heating mode and double this if the cooling mode is also included. Within the direct utilisation sector of geothermal energy, geothermal heat pumps have world- wide application, as the shallow ground temperature is within their range anywhere in the world. Traditional direct use heating is limited to where the resource is available in economic depths and where climate justifies the demand. Power generation in the past has been limited by resources above 180oC. However, with recent advances in binary (Organic Rankine) cycle technology, lower-temperature fluids at around 100oC are being utilised, thus increasing the number of potential locations. Drilling depth, fluid quantity and quality, and temperature of the resource determine the economic viability of the project. More recently, the use of combined heat and power plants has made low-temperature resources and deep drilling more economic. District heating using the spent water from a binary power plant can make a marginal project economic as has been done in Germany, Austria and Iceland. This is a form of cascading (Fig. 9.6), where the geothermal fluid is utilised at progressively lower temperature, thus maximising the energy extracted. 9.9PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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