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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal Geothermal Electric Power Electric power has been produced from geothermal energy in 27 countries; however, Greece, Taiwan and Argentina have shut down their plants due to environmental and eco- nomic reasons. The worldwide installed capacity has the following distribution: 27% dry steam, 41% single flash, 20% double flash, 11% binary/combined cycle/hybrid, and 1% backpressure (Bertani, 2010). Figure 9.7 Worldwide growth of installed geothermal generating capacity Source: International Geothermal Association Direct Utilisation (including geothermal heat pumps) The world direct utilisation of geothermal energy is difficult to determine, as there are many diverse uses of the energy and these are sometimes small and located in remote areas. Finding someone or even a group of people in a country who are knowledgeable on all the direct uses is difficult. In addition, even if the use can be determined, the flow rates and temperatures are usually not known or reported, thus the capacity and energy use can only be estimated. This is especially true of geothermal waters used for swimming pools, bathing and balneology. The total installed capacity, reported at the end of 2009, for the world’s geothermal direct uti- lisation is 50 583 MWt, almost a two-fold increase over the 2005 data, growing at a total rate of 12.3% annually. The total annual energy use is 438 071 TJ (121 696 GWh), a 60% increase over 2005, growing at a compound rate of 11.0% annually. Compared to ten years ago the capacity had been increasing by 12.8%/yr and the use by 8.7%/yr. Thus, it appears that the growth rate has increased slightly in recent years, despite the low cost of fossil fuels, eco- nomic downturns and other factors. It should, however, be noted that part of the growth from 2000 to the present is due, to a certain extent, to better reporting, and includes some geo- thermal countries that were missed in previous reports. The capacity factor is an indication of the amount of use during the year (i.e. a factor of 1.00 would indicate the system is used at a maximum the entire year, and 0.5 would indicate using the system for 4 380 equivalent full-load hours per year). The worldwide average for the capacity factor is 0.27, down from 0.31 five years ago and 0.40 ten years ago. This decrease is due to the increased used of geothermal heat pumps that have a worldwide capacity factor of 0.19 in the heating mode. 9.11PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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