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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal Environmental Issues Geothermal fluids contain a variable quantity of gases, largely nitrogen and carbon diox- ide, with some hydrogen sulphide and smaller proportions of ammonia, mercury, radon and boron. The amounts depend on the geological conditions of different fields. Most of the chemicals are concentrated in the disposal water which is routinely re-injected into drill holes and thus not released into the environment. The concentration of the gases is usually not harmful and they can be vented to the atmosphere. Removal of hydrogen sulphide released from geothermal power plants is mandatory in the USA and Italy. The range of CO2 emissions from high-temperature geothermal fields used for electricity production is variable, but much lower than that for fossil fuel plants. Figure 9.11 Comparison of CO2 emissions from electricity generation in the USA S So ou u r r c c e e : :B B l l o o o o m m fi fie e l l d d , , e e t t a a l l . . , , 2 2 0 0 0 0 3 3 The gas emissions from low-temperature geothermal resources are normally only a fraction of the emissions from the high-temperature fields used for electricity production. The gas content of low-temperature water is in many cases minute, as in Reykjavik, where the CO2 content is lower than that of the cold groundwater. In sedimentary basins, such as the Paris Basin, the gas content may cause scaling if it is released. In such cases the geothermal fluid is kept under pressure within a closed circuit (the geothermal doublet) and re-injected into the reservoir without any de-gassing taking place. Conventional geothermal schemes in sed- imentary basins commonly produce brines which are generally re-injected into the reservoir and thus never released into the environment (zero CO2 emission). GHP are environmentally benign and represent a large potential for reduction of CO2 emissions. 9.15PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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