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9.16 World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 2. Technical and economic considerations Summary of Current Geothermal Use Table 11.1 is based on electricity data for 2013 for the EGC Conference, supplemented by information submitted to the World Geothermal Congress 2010 for the Direct Heat utilization. Of the countries utilising their geothermal resource, almost all use it directly but only 24 use it for electricity generation. At end-2012, approximately 11490 MWe of geothermal electric- ity generating capacity was installed, producing over 68630 GWh/yr. Installed capacity for direct heat utilisation amounted to about 50 000 MWt, with an annual output of around 430 000 TJ (equivalent to about 120 000 GWh). The annual growth in energy output over the past five years has been 3.8% for electricity production and around 10% for direct use (including geothermal heat pumps). Energy pro- duced by ground-source heat pumps alone has increased by 20% per annum over the same period. The low growth rate for electric power generation is primarily due to the low price for natural gas, the main competitor. The data show that with electric power generation, each major continent has approxi- mately the same percentage share of the installed capacity and energy produced, with the Americas and Asia having over 75% of the total. Whereas, with the direct-use figures, the percentages drop significantly from installed capacity to energy use for the Americas (26.8 to 13.9%) due to the high percentage of geothermal heat pumps with low capacity factor for these units in the U.S. On the other hand, the percentages increased for the remainder of the world due to a lesser reliance on geothermal heat pumps and the greater number of operat- ing hours per year for these units. Geothermal Electric Power The worldwide installed capacity has the following distribution: 27% dry steam, 41% single flash, 20% double flash, 11% binary/combined cycle/hybrid, and 1% backpressure (Bertani, 2010). Implementation Issues The challenges to geothermal development are varied and include the following issues: u resource identification and characterisation; u economics, financial risks; u development risks (i.e. proving the resource, drilling); u competition by other forms of energy; u environmental misconceptions; u siting and permitting delays; u transactional costs (i.e. high capital costs); u transmission capacity (power) or market penetration (direct use); u local population concerns; u public perceptions and support; u lack of knowledge of the benefits of development and utilisation. Technical and Market Barriers The major barrier to the exploitation of geothermal energy is the high financial risk in compar- ison not only with the use of natural gas but also with most other forms of renewable energy.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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