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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal Development risks are high and prediction of the quality of a resource requires capital invest- ment in drilling and well tests. A resource must also be close to an area of high demand. Those countries, e.g. France and Iceland, who have underwritten the risks at both the res- ervoir assessment and drilling stage, have been able to develop the resource more readily. Other countries, where geothermal energy plays a significant role in the total energy supply, such as Kenya, Philippines and several central American countries, have governmental sup- port for development. There is a lack of published technical, financial and legislative information for develop- ers, particularly in comparing the experiences gained by others through various individual schemes. Environmentally, geothermal schemes are relatively benign, but they generally produce a highly corrosive brine which may need special treatment and discharge consents. There is also a possibility of noxious gases, e.g. hydrogen sulphide, being emitted and developers must meet local environmental and planning requirements. A combination of approaches can be used to overcome these barriers, including: u educational, including training and outreach; u technical improvements; u economic incentives; u government support. Ruggero Bertani, John Lund International Geothermal Association References Bertani, R., 2010. Geothermal Power Generation in the World 2005–2010 Update Report, Proceedings, World Geo- thermal Congress 2010, Bali, Indonesia, paper no. 0008. Bloomfield, K.K., Moore, J.N. and Nelson, R.N., 2003. Geothermal Energy Reduces Greenhouse Gases, Geothermal Resources Council Bulletin, 32, Davis, CA, USA, pp. 77–79. Bloomquist, R.G., and Knapp, G., 2003. Economics and Financing (Chapter 9), In: Geothermal Energy Utilization and Technology, ed. by M. H. Dickson and M. Fanelli, UNESCO, pp. 175–199. Dauncey, G., with Mazza, P., 2001. Stormy Weather: 101 Solutions to Global Climate Change, New Society Publish- ers, Ltd., P.O. Box 189, Gabriola Island, British Columbia, V0R 1X0, Canada, 271 pp. Dickson, M.H., and Fanelli, M., 2004. What is Geothermal Energy? Home page: http://iga.igg.cnr.it/geo/geoenergy. php visited 2008. Fridleifsson, G.O., Albertsson, A., Stefansson, B., Gunnlaugsson, E., and Adalsteinsson, H., 2007. Deep Unconven- tional Geothermal Resources: a Major Opportunity to Harness New Sources of Sustainable Energy, 20th World Energy Conference, Rome, November, World Energy Council, (www.worldenergy.org). International Energy Agency, 2009. Energy Statistics of Non-OECD Countries, 2009 Edition. Lund, J.W., 2006. ‘Chena Hot Springs’, Geo-Heat Center Quarterly Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 3 (September), Klamath Falls, OR, USA, pp. 2–4. Rafferty, K., 2008. An Information Survival Kit for the Prospective Geothermal Heat Pump Owner, HeatSpring Energy, Cambridge, MA, USA, 32 p. Stefansson, V., 2000. The Renewability of Geothermal Energy, Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2000, Kyushu-Tohoku, Japan, May-June, p. 883–888. Stefansson, V., 2005. World Geothermal Assessment, Proceedings of the World Geothermal Congress 2005, Antalya, Turkey http://iga.igg.cnr.it White, D.E. and Williams, D.L., Eds., 1975. Assessment of Geothermal Resources of the United States – 1975, U.S. 9.17PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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