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9.24 Electricity generation Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 360 Annual output TJ Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 of the geothermal resource. Generally, there has been a lack of public interest and support; the management of spas have expressed concern for the quality of water supplied which could possibly be affected by further and diversified use of the resource and the difficulty of combining different uses at new sites have all contributed to this lack of progress. In the case of the Water Law, it is stated that the groundwater below the land belongs to the land- owner and this can be highly problematical when deviated drilling is necessary. In the late 1990s the European Union’s THERMIE programme provided support for the Simbach-Braunau scheme, a cross-border joint venture between South Germany and Upper Austria – one of the largest district heating schemes in Europe. An installed capacity of over 30 MW serves five hundred people with some 9.3 MW of power. Seven deep boreholes were drilled in the country recently, all of which were used to supply heat for balneological purposes. No other geothermal projects were undertaken in Austria since 2005 due to lack of public support and low feed-in tariffs for electric power. However, the number of ground source heat pumps has shown a steady increase with the estimated number of units at 50,000 having a capacity of 600 MWt and producing 800 GWh/yr. As in most countries the data on geothermal heat pumps are hard to obtain as only groundwater wells are documented with the authorities. Future projects are expected in the Vienna basin near the capital and in the Austrian Molasse Basin. Geothermal heat pumps are expected to increase with more than 50% of the new family houses to have units installed. Brazil The utilisation of Brazil’s huge low-temperature geothermal resource has until now been extremely small. Much research has been undertaken by the Geothermal Laboratory of the National Observatory since the 1970s and it is thought that high-temperature geothermal heat exists only in the offshore Atlantic islands. In 2005 it was reported that the installed capacity (some 360 MWt) was used directly, largely for bathing and swimming, with just 4 MWt used for agricultural drying/industrial process heat. The 12 or so systems in place (mostly located in the western-central area and the south) could be classified as BRT (bathing, recreation and tourism), PIS (potential for indus- trial use and space heating) and TDB (therapeutic, drinking and bathing). The BRT systems totaled 16 MWt, the PIS, 343 MWt and the TDB, 3 MWt, although the PIS element was not being used industrially, but for recreational purposes.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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