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9.30 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 5 Annual output TJ Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 With the Government’s positive attitude towards the utilisation of the country’s low-enthalpy resource, there has been an increased usage during the first years of the 21st century, which is expected to continue. It is estimated that there is a sufficient resource to supply heat to several towns for hundreds of years. Research has shown that the estimated geothermal resource in the area surrounding Copen- hagen represents an output of 60 000 PJ. Temperatures in Denmark are of low-enthalpy with no pronounced temperature anomalies, with normal gradients of 25 to 30oC/km. Two large district heating plants using heat pumps have been built in the country. The first was established in 1984 at Thisted producing 44oC saline water at 200 m3/h from 1,250 m depth resulting in 7 MWt of installed capacity. The second in Copenhagen started in 2005, uses 73oC saline water at 235 m3/h from 2,560 m depth resulting in an installed capacity of 14 MWt. A number of small heat pump projects have been installed, estimated at 20,000 units in a vertical configuration with a capacity and annual energy use of 160 MWt and 1,700 TJ/yr. Ground water is also being used for cooling and industrial locations. Ecuador Exploration of the Ecuadorean geothermal potential was begun during the 1970s in order to establish the extent of both high-temperature and low-temperature resources. Despite follow-up prefeasibility studies on the former and prefeasibility studies on the latter, plans for industrial and direct uses were found to be uneconomic. Ecuador has a very large geothermal potential (it is estimated that it could arrive up to 500 MW) but it has not yet been exploited. It is estimated that the direct usage of geothermal heat can contribute to the development of rural areas and highly contribute to a diminution of poverty. Geographical Areas With Major Potential: Since the first investigations were conducted, the following areas, that present excellent potential for geothermal usage, were individuated. Tufiño-Chiles Cerro Negro (binational project Ecuador-Colombia), Chachimbiro (Imbabura Province), Chalupas (Cotopaxi Province), in addition to 17 other individuated areas with potential such as Napo-Pichincha, Cuenca, Chalpatan, Pululahua. From these areas, the potential is estimated at approximately 534 MW of energy. Several regions in the country remain un-explored for geothermal resources, namely in the sedimentary basins in the Costa, in the Oriental sedimentary basins and in the Galapagos archipelago. The Andes form the backbone of the country. In the Northern half of the two mountain ranges that consti- tute the Andes (the Western and Eastern Cordilleras) there exists a well developed arch from Quaternary age that consists of more than 50 volcanoes, of which 30 are active. Recently, in November 2011, the Volcano Tungurahua, situated in the Eastern Cordillera, erupted. ThePDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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