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9.36 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 654.6 Annual output TJ 9 767 Annual capacity factor Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe 665 Annual output GWh 4465 Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 2002.9 Annual output TJ 24621.4 Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 Hungary Hungary possesses very considerable geothermal resources and it has been estimated that the country has the largest underground thermal water reserves and geothermal potential (low and medium enthalpy) in Europe. The principal applications of geothermal power used directly are for balneological purposes, greenhouse heating, space heating, industrial process heat and other uses. Surface signs have been known in the country since ancient times, and thermal springs in Budapest have been used during the Roman Empire and also later in the Medieval Hungar- ian Kingdom. Exploration for thermal waters began in 1877 and during the 1950s and 1960s hundreds of geothermal wells were drilled, mainly for agricultural utilization. More recently, the use of geothermal energy has decreased substantially due to the global recession; however, promising projects are being investigated for both power production and direct-uses. Balneology was the earliest use of thermal waters, with 289 thermal wells and 120 natural springs presently used for sport and therapeutically purposes. Agricultural use is one of the important applications of geothermal waters in the country with 193 operat- ing wells supplying heat for 67 ha of greenhouses. Animal farms use thermal water in more than 52 cases to raise chickens, turkeys, calves, pigs and snails. At present more than 40 townships with more than 9,000 flats are heated in district heating projects. Thermal waters are also used in secondary oil production with 5,400 m3/s of hot water being injected into oil reservoirs for enhanced oil recovery. In addition, gathering pipes in a heavy oil producing oilfield are heated with geothermal waters. Iceland Geothermal energy resulting from Iceland’s volcanic nature and its location on the Mid-At- lantic Ridge has been utilised on a commercial scale since 1930. The high-temperature resources are sited within the volcanic zone (southwest to northeast), whilst the low-temper- ature resources lie mostly in the peripheral area. A realistic assessment of Iceland’s potential for electricity production has been put at 20 TWh annually, after taking into account eco- nomic factors, environmental considerations and technological elements.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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