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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal Italy Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe 772 Annual output GWh 5 754 Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 1000 Annual output TJ 12 600 Annual capacity factor Italy is one of the world’s leading countries in terms of geothermal resources, lying fifth in terms of production of electricity from geothermal. The high-temperature steam-dominated reservoirs lie in a belt running through the western part of the country from Tuscany to Cam- pania (near Naples). Commercial power generation from geothermal resources began in Italy in 1913 with a 250 kWe unit. Subsequently the main emphasis has been on the production of power rather than on direct use of the heat. The main geothermal fields in Italy are Larderello, the oldest and one of the most powerful in the world, with 200 production wells at depths of less than 1 000 to over 4 000 m, the Travale-Radicondoli, with 25 production wells at depths of between 1 500 and 3 500 m, and Bagnore and Piancastagnaio, with 16 production wells at depths of 2 500 – 4 000 m. Following the limited development of resources during the first half of the 20th century, it was the second half of that century that saw rapid growth. 31 plants are in operation with a total installed capacity of 810 MWe (711 MWe operating capacity). All plants in operation are located in the region of Tuscany and over 45% in the Province of Pisa. Electricity generation during the year amounts to 6.3 TWh, Although installed geothermal capacity represented only 3% of total renewable energy capacity, output accounted for 9.5% and Enel, the main Italian power company, already plans to increase capacity by installing a further 112 MWe in the coming years. Expansion of capacity began in November 2009 when an additional high- ly-efficient facility was brought into operation. Government and State support available for both geothermal plants and direct use of heat includes national mandatory quotas, tradable green certificates and financial incentives. Although the country also utilises its low-enthalpy resources for direct purposes, it is consid- ered that the market is still under-developed. Main applications for direct uses are thermal spas, space and district heating, fish farming, greenhouse heating, heat pumps and indus- trial process heat. Heat pumps are being installed at a rate of some 500 per annum, most being groundwater types, with a smaller amount of closed-loop types. The growth potential of the direct use market is seen as greater than that of power generation. The Italian Position Paper foresees a potential capacity of 1 300 MWe by 2020, while total use of geothermal heat might grow to 6 000 MWt by 2020. Geothermal direct-use has increased by a factor of 1.2 in the past five years to 867 MWt and 9,941 TJ/yr. This larger contribution, in terms of installed power, is mainly due to the wide development, mainly in the northern areas of Italy, of geothermal district heating and in the number of single household installations. Both heating and cooling have been developed using geothermal energy, mainly by a large increase in geothermal heat pumps, both open and closed systems. Much of the growth has 9.41PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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