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9.42 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe 538 Annual output GWh 2 632 Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 2 100 Annual output TJ 25 698 Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 been due to interest from the designer’s community, as well as the decrease in the cost of systems. For centuries Italian people have largely used thermal waters for bathing, medical cures and relaxation, and the industry is still an important part of geothermal use, accounting for 32% of the annual energy use. A number of district heating systems using geothermal energy are operating in the country, with Ferrara being the most important. A number of geothermal district heating systems are also operating in the Tuscany region. Greenhouse heating and fish farming are also important parts of direct use applications, amounting to 13% and 16% respectively of the annual energy use. The largest greenhouse operation uses “waste” water from the Mt. Amiata power plant in Tuscany. Large geothermal heat pump installations (2–5 MWt) have played an important role in Italy. Installations of geothermal heat pumps has increased 15% in the past year with an about 12,000 units installed. Japan Japan has a long history of geothermal utilisation, both direct and for power generation. It is one of the world leaders in terms of generation of electricity. The first experimental power generation took place in 1925, with the first full-scale commercial plant (23.5 MWe) coming on-line at Matsukawa, in the north of the main island of Honshu, in 1966. Following each of the two oil crises, development of Japan’s geothermal resources was accelerated and tech- nological improvements were made. By end-1996, installed capacity stood at 529 MWe but in the following years economic constraints were imposed, financial incentives withdrawn and geothermal capacity grew only marginally, reaching 535 MWe in 2006. The existing plants are located on the southern island of Kyushu, in northern Honshu, at Mori on Hokkaido and on the island of Hachijo, some 300 km south of Tokyo. The country’s geothermal potential is estimated to be in the order of 24.6 GWe. Only a small fraction of this potential has been used to date and until ways of tapping Japan’s deep resources can be developed, this situation will prevail. Geothermal energy was excluded from the Special Measures Law for the Promotion of Utilisation of the New Energy in 1997 and moreover, suffered when the electricity market was deregulated. In 2003 the Renewa- ble Portfolio Standard Law did include geothermal energy but only insofar as binary cycle plants were concerned. The 2008 New Energy Law does include geothermal in the definition of New Energy and in January 2010, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) presented measures for the promotion of renewable energy. METI is providing support by means of subsidies, tax incentives, an RPS and feed-in tariffs, appropriate to the energy source. However, although 2020 targets for other renewable energies are high, geothermal power generation is only expected to grow minimally.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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