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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal By far the most important utilisation of geothermal hot water I n Japan is for direct use. It can be classified into three categories: the thermal use of hot water; geo-heat pumps and hot springs for bathing. The last named has never until recently, been accurately quantified. Based on the consideration that there are more than 25 000 hot springs throughout the coun- try, a figure of nearly 1 700 MWt expressed in terms of fuel alternative energy was thought to represent this use in 2006. This estimate accounts for some 80% of total direct use. When recreational hot-spring bathing is excluded, the estimated 2006 total installed direct use capacity was 400 MWt. Of this total, snow melting and air conditioning accounted for 38%; hot water supply and swimming pools, 31%; space heating, 19%; greenhouse heating, 9%; fish breeding 2%; and industrial and other uses, negligible. At the end of the year, some 13 MWt of ground source heat pumps were estimated to be installed. The direct use of medium- and low-enthalpy geothermal water is mainly located in the areas around the high-enthalpy geothermal area, where hot spring resources are abundant. Other- wise, the use of shallow geothermal heat pump systems is available nationwide. These latter installation account for only 0.3% of the direct-use, and thus have limited use in the country. Kenya Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe 169 Annual output GWh 1430 Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 16 Annual output TJ 127 Annual capacity factor The country has a high dependence on hydropower for electricity generation (approximately 60%), but the unreliability of the water resource poses a problem, particularly for the indus- trial sector’s power supply and also more generally leads to the purchase of expensive and polluting fossil fuels. With its substantial geothermal resource, the Kenyan Government has expressed its commitment to support further development of this potential, but in the past this has been impeded by financial constraints. Twenty prospects lying in the Rift Valley have been identified as worthy of future study. How- ever, to date wells have been drilled at only two sites: at Olkaria near Lake Naivasha (about 120 km northwest of Nairobi) and Eburru. Only the former has been exploited although there is a planned 2.5 MWe power station at Eburru. KenGen’s Olkaria I was Africa’s first geothermal power station when the first unit came into operation in mid-1981, with an initial installed net capacity of 15 MWe. Two more 15 MWe units were added in 1982 and 1985. The 2 x 35 MWe units of the Olkaria II plant (Africa’s largest geothermal power plant, co-fi- nanced by the World Bank, the European Investment Bank, KfW of Germany and KenGen) were commissioned in late-2003. Kenyan geothermal power output was increased by 12 MWe in 2000 when the first two stages of Kenya’s first private geothermal plant were installed at Olkaria III. The 35 MWe third stage became operational at the beginning of 2009, bringing the total installed capacity to 48 MWe. 9.43PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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