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9.50 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 174 Annual output TJ 1 520 Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 are operating at Chaves in northern Portugal and S. Pedro do Sul, in central Portugal. There is a single greenhouse project in S. Pedro do Sul covering 2 ha, for raising tropic fruit (mainly pineapple). About 30 spas are operating in the country, but most are only open in the sum- mer. Several dozen small geothermal heat pump installations are operating throughout the country, but unfortunately, this application is not recognized as a geothermal resource by the Portuguese administration. The data on the various geothermal utilizations are: u 1.5 MWt and 12.9 TJ/yr for district heating; u 1.0 MWt and 13.8 TJ/yr for greenhouse heating; u 25.3 MWt and 358.6 TJ/yr for bathing and swimming. No estimates were made for geothermal heat pumps, thus we estimate 24 installations at 12 kW, a COP of 3.5 and 1,500 full load operating hours per year, gives 0.3 MWt and 1.1 TJ/yr. Romania Romania’s low-enthalpy geothermal potential lies mainly along the western border with Hun- gary and in the south-central part of the country. Usage of the country’s springs has been known since Roman times but it was only during the 1960s that energy-directed exploration began and then as an unexpected result of a hydrocarbon research programme. To date more than 250 exploration wells have been drilled. Completion and experimental exploitation of more than 100 wells during the past 25 years has enabled the evaluation of the heat avail- able from this resource. The geological research programme is continuing, with a few new wells drilled each year, all being usually completed as potential production or injection wells. The transition to a market economy, together with the run-up to membership of the European Union, have certainly assisted with the development of geothermal energy in Romania but for the full potential of the resource to be realised, access to adequate funding and the latest technology is required. Currently geothermal heat is used only for direct purposes – there is no use for electricity generation. The installed capacity of 174 MWt is utilised for space and district heating, bath- ing and swimming (including balneology), greenhouse heating, industrial process heat, fish farming and animal husbandry. Near and mid-term plans include drilling of new production and reinjection wells, expan- sion of existing district heating schemes and development of some new ones, expansion of greenhouse heating and development of health and recreational bathing facilities. There is an evaluated potential in Romania of 20 MWe for power generation and thus research will be undertaken into the possible use of binary plants.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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