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9.52 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 119 Annual output TJ 3 244 Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 The first plant using geothermal energy for power generation in Kamchatka was commis- sioned at Pauzhetka, south of Kamchatka in 1966. Four further plants were installed in 1999, 2002 and 2007 and by end-2008, total installed capacity stood at 81.9 MWe. A 2.5 MWe plant in Kamchatka and a 3.2 MWe plant are currently under construction. The use of geothermal heat for direct purposes is widespread and has mostly been devel- oped in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Dagestan and Krasnodar Krai. Many district heating and greenhouse heating schemes already exist, together with use of geothermal heat for industrial processes, cattle and fish farming, drying of agricultural products, and swimming pools and baths. There are plans for greater exploitation in Krasnodar Krai and the regions of Kaliningrad and Kamchatka. There is much scope for the installation of heat pumps in Russia, but their use is presently at an early stage of development. In January 2009 the Russian Prime Minister signed an Executive Directive for a greater use of renewable energy in order for the efficiency of the electric power sector to be improved. The tar- gets for the share of renewable energy in electricity generation are 1.5% in 2010, 2.5% in 2015 and 4.5% by 2020. At the beginning of 2010 it was reported that a Ministerial MOU had been signed between Finland and Russia. The stated objective is that cooperation and shared knowl- edge will lead to greater energy efficiencies and improved utilisation of renewable energies. Direct use of geothermal resources is mostly developed in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Dag- estan and Drasnodar Krai, mainly for district and greenhouse heating. To date, 66 thermal water and steam-and hydrothermal fields have been exploited in Rus- sia. Half of them are in operation providing approximately 1.5 million Gkal of heat annually (Povarov and Svalova, 2010). Approximately half of the extracted resource is used for space heating, a third for heating greenhouses, and about 13% for industrial processes. There are also approximately 150 health resorts and 40 factories bottling mineral water. Heat pumps are at an early stage of development in Russia. An experimental facility was set up in early 1999 in the Philippovo settlement of the Yaroslavl district. Eight heat pumps are used for a 160-pupil school building. There are also some buildings using heat pumps in Moscow (Svalova, 2010). A district heating project is being proposed for Vilyuchinsk City on Kamchatka (Nikolskiy et al., 2010). Serbia Exploration for geothermal resources in Serbia began in 1974: four provinces were discov- ered and preliminary drilling and pilot studies ensued. At the present time the main utilisationPDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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