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World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources: Geothermal There is a limited amount of capacity installed for direct purposes: – some 6 MWt utilised for individual space heating, greenhouse heating and swimming and bathing. Geothermal resource exploration, assessment and evaluation started through Spain in the seventies with a general geological and geochemical survey of known thermal springs and areas showing signs of thermal activity.. Over the following decades, each of the selected areas has been investigated utilizing techniques from geology, geophysics, geochemistry and related disciplines, the intensity of the investigation depending on each area’s geothermal potential. Lastly, deep drilling has been done, enabling the geothermal potential of the more important areas to be evaluated. These major areas are located in the southeast (Granada, Almería and Murcia), northeast (Barcelona, Gerona and Tarragona), northwest (Orense, Pontevedra and Lugo) and center (Madrid) of the Iberian Peninsula. Other, more minor areas located in Albacete, Lérida, León, Burgos and Mallorca have also been investigated. The geothermal resources evaluated in all these cases exhibit low temperatures, 50–90 oC. The only area where high-temperature fluids might possibly exist at depth lies in the vol- canic archipelago of the Canary Islands. Hot dry rock resources have been evaluated on the islands of Lanzarote and La Palma. On the island of Tenerife, the presence of high-temper- ature areas has been investigated, but no commercially viable geothermal reservoirs have been found. Low-temperature geothermal sites are currently being exploited on a small scale. For exam- ple, geothermal fluids are being used for heating and to provide hot water to spa buildings in Lugo, Arnedillo (in La Rioja), Fitero (in Navarra), Montbrió del Camp (in Tarragona), Archena (in Murcia) and Sierra Alhamilla (in Almería). In Orense and Lérida, geothermal waters are being used to heat homes and schools. Greenhouses are being geothermally heated at Montbrió del Camp (Tarragona), Cartagena and Mazarrón (in Murcia), and Zújar (in Gra- nada); these facilities cover a total area of over 100,000 m2. Sweden Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt 4 460 Annual output TJ 45 301 Annual capacity factor Sweden’s utilisation of deep geothermal heat is on a very limited scale. however, Lund, in the far south of Sweden, has two heat pumps totaling about 47 MWt providing base-load heat to a district heating network. The plant was connected to the network in 1984 and started heat production in 1985. There are many small ground-source heat pumps installed in the country. It is reported that more than 350 000 small heat pumps have been installed in residential and official buildings, providing an estimated 10% of heat demand. The Swedish Deep Drilling Program began in 2007. The purpose of the Program is to ‘study fundamental problems of the dynamic Earth system, its natural history and evolution’. In 2009 a grant was awarded for a mobile truck-mounted drillrig that is capable of reaching a depth 9.55PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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