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9.56 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt U Annual output TJ 8799 Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 of 2 500 m. Supported by the International Scientific Drilling Program, drilling is planned to begin in 2011. The majority of the heat pumps are small and typically used in single houses. There are currently around 230,000 installations with about 25,000 units installed annually. Bed- rock-soil-water is the most common source for heat pumps using geothermal energy with about 12 TWh of energy extracts or about 15% of the national heat demand covered. A num- ber of systems used underground thermal energy storage UTES), either as aquifer thermal energy storage (ATES) orborehole thermal energy storage (BTES). The former was imple- mented in the mid 1980s and current there are approximately 100 plants using this system, mainly large scale with average capacity of 2.5 MWt. Water wells are used and serve a dual function, both as production and injections wells, with the flow direction being reversed from summer to winter. The BTES systems consist of a number of closed spaced boreholes, normally 50 to 200 m deep. These are equipped with borehole heat exchanger, with the holes filled with ground water and not grouted. It has been shown that water filled boreholes are more efficient than grouted ones. These are typically used for combined heat and cooling of commercial and institutional buildings. The reported total for UTES is 90 MWt and 504 TJ/yr for heatings and 90 MWt and 612 TJ/yr for cooling. Switzerland Switzerland’s installed geothermal capacity has grown rapidly in recent years and the country now ranks among the world leaders in direct-use applications (there is no geother- mal-based electricity at the present time). There are two main components to Switzerland’s geothermal energy: the utilisation of shallow resources by the use of horizontal coils, bore- hole heat exchangers (BHE), foundation piles and groundwater wells, and the utilisation of deep resources by the use of deep BHEs, aquifers by singlet or doublet systems, and tunnel waters. In virtually all instances heat pumps are the key components. There remains substantial room for growth in Switzerland’s geothermal sector. The annual growth-rate for heat pumps is estimated at 15% and the Government is actively supporting research and development into geothermal energy. The use of geothermal energy for direct-use has increased substantially, mainly with the installations of geothermal heat pumps (GHP). GHP have increased at rates up to 17% per year, with borehole heat exchangers-coupled systems dominating. The second largest use of geothermal energy is with thermal spas and wellness facili- ties. The proportion of the various uses in terms of energy use (GWh) is 73.9% for HE and horizontal loops, 13.6% for balneology, 10.4% using shallow groundwater, 1.0% using geo- structures (energy piles), 0.6% using deep aquifers which includes using tunnel water. With about one GHP installed on the average every square km, this is the highest concentration in the world.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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