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9.62 Electricity generation Installed capacity MWe Annual output GWh Annual capacity factor Direct use Installed capacity, MWt Annual output TJ Annual capacity factor World Energy Resources: Geothermal World Energy Council 2013 characterisation, reservoir creation and validation, interwell connectivity, reservoir scale-up and reservoir sustainability. On the assumption that this technology is successfully imple- mented, models yield an estimated mean electric power resource on private and accessible public land of 517 800 MWe in the 13 States. Development of an EGS R&D demonstration project at Desert Peak, Nevada is under way. Geothermal heat suitable for direct utilisation is far more widespread, ranging from New York State in the east to Alaska in the west. Bathing and swimming (113 MWt), district heating (75 MWt), space heating (140 MWt), agricultural drying (22 MWt), industrial process heat (17 MWt), snow melting (3 MWt) and air conditioning (2 MWt) are the main users of geothermal heat. Most of the direct use applications have remained fairly constant over the past five years; however, geothermal heat pumps have increased significantly. A total of 20 new projects have come on-line in the past five years and a number of projects have closed. Agricultural drying has decreased the most due to the closing of the onion/garlic dehydration plant at Empire, Nevada. Two district heating projects have also shut down; the Litchfield Correctional Facility in California and the New Mexico State University system. There has been a slight increase in snow melting, cooling and fish farming, with a major increase in industrial process heating due to two biodiesel plants (Oregon and Nevada), a brewery (Oregon), and a laundry (California) coming on line. On present estimates, there are at least one million units installed, mainly in the Midwestern and eastern states. Approximately 90% of the units are closed loop (ground-coupled) and the remaining open loop (water-source). It is presently a US$2 to US$3 billion annual industry in the country. Vietnam The government-supported exploration and evaluation of the country’s geothermal resource has shown that there is a total of 269 prospects of which 30 sites, with a capacity of 340 MWe have been identified as being capable of power generation. The south-central, north-west- ern and northern regions are the areas of Vietnam with the greatest potential. At the present time there is no geothermal power generation. Direct utilisation is limited to the provision of industrial process heat (iodide salt production) and bathing and swimming. The theoretical capacity of direct use has been estimated at 472 MWt, of which 200 MWt could be in opera- tion by 2020. Presently, there are more than 200 sources of hot water at temperatures of 40–100 degrees centigrade in Vietnam. Thermal reserves in the Red River Delta alone can be utilized to gen- erate 1.16 % of the country’s total electricity production output.PDF Image | World Energy Council 2013 World Energy Resources Geothermal
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