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Lund and Freeston Space Heating Space heating had the second largest growth since 1995 at slightly over 56% or 9.4% annually, reported by 28 countries. As stated earlier, about 75% of the 59,696 TJ/yr utilization is estimated for district heating, and the remainder for individual space heating. The majority of the district heating systems are in Europe where the leaders are France and Iceland, whereas the United States dominated the individual home heating systems use; typical of Klamath Falls, Oregon and Reno, Nevada. Other countries which have extensive district heating systems are China, Japan and Turkey. Greenhouse and Covered Ground Heating Greenhouse heating increased by 21% or 3.9% annually. The countries which have made maximum use of geothermal energy for heating greenhouses and covered ground include China, Georgia, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Russia and the United States. The energy use ranged from 3 to 102 TJ/yr/ha (Greece to Russia), with most between 13 to 27 TJ/yr/ha (Slovakia to Iceland). Only 11 of 28 countries reported their heated area which totaled 322 ha. Using an average energy requirement (which is also typical of the United States) of 20 TJ/yr/ha for greenhouse heating, the 19,035 TJ/yr gives about 950 equivalent ha of greenhouses being heated worldwide, since not every country gave area heated in their country report. Aquaculture Pond and Raceway Heating Aquaculture use of geothermal energy dropped by 20% over the five year period, however, no explanation can be give for this reduction. A total of 16 countries reported installations, with the largest use is in China, Iceland, Georgia, Israel and Turkey. Unfortunately, very little information on pond sizes, the use of raceways, or kg of fish produced were presented in the country reports. Thus, based on work in the United States, it was calculated that it requires 0.242 TJ/yr/tonne of fish (bass and Tilapia) using geothermal water in ponds and 0.675 TJ/yr/tonne of fish in raceways. Using these approximate number, the 10,757 TJ/yr of energy reported for aquaculture, should be equivalent to producing between 15,699 to 44,800 tonnes of fish per year. Agricultural Crop Drying Only ten countries use geothermal energy for drying various grain, vegetable and fruit crops. Examples are seaweed (Iceland), onions and garlic (United States), wheat and other cereals (Serbia), rice (Macedonia), fruit (Guatemala and Mexico), lucern or alfalfa (New Zealand), coconut meat (Philippines), and timber (New Zealand, Romania, and Mexico). However, there is a large potential and interest in using geothermal energy for drying crops in tropical regions where field spoilage occurs rapidly. A total of 954 TJ/yr are utilized in these processes, with a 15% decrease since 1995. Industrial Process Heat This is also a category that has applications in 19 countries where the installations tend to be large and energy consumpti on high. Examples include concrete curing (Guatemala and Slovenia), bottling of water and carbonated drinks (Bulgaria, Serbia and the United States), paper and vehicle parts production (Macedonia), oil recovery (Russia), milk pasteurization (Romania), leather industry (Slovenia and Serbia), chemical extraction (Bulgaria, Russia, and Poland), CO2 extraction (Iceland and Turkey), mushroom growing and laundry use (United States), salt extraction and diatomaceous earth drying (Iceland), pulp and paper processing (New Zealand), and borate and boric acid production (Italy). This use has grow approximately 4.1% over the past five years and would have been higher, except that the gold heap leaching operations in the United States were halted due to the expense of paying federal government royalties for use of water from government land. Snow Melting and Space Cooling There are very limited applications in this area with pavement snow melting projects in Argentina, Iceland, Japan, Switzerland and the United States. Approximately 500,000 m2 of pavements are heated, the majority in Iceland. A project in Argentina uses steam for highway snow melting in the Andes to a keep a resort community open during winter. The power required various from 130 to 180 W/m2 (United States and Iceland). The only space cooling reported was in Bulgaria, Switzerland and Japan. The chiller on the Oregon Institute of Technology campus in the US has been replaced with an electric chiller due to the poor efficiency of the geothermal unit using 90oC water. Heat pump cooling is not included, as this process returns heat to the earth. Bathing and Swimming Figures for this use was the most difficult to collect and quantify. Forty-five countries have spas and resorts that have swimming pools, however, many allow the water to flow continuously, regardless of use. As a result, the actual use and capacity figures may be high. In other cases, where use was reported, but no flows and temperature drops known, a figure of 0.35 MWt and 7.0 TJ/yr, typical of many installations, were used to estimate the capacity and energy used. Use of natural hot springs that were undeveloped were not included in this report. In addition to the 45 countries that reported bathing and swimming use, the authors are also aware of developments in Armenia, Ethiopia, Malaysia, Mozambique, Yemen and Zambia, but no figures were reported from these countries since details and location were lacking. This use increased by 128% or about 18% annually, however, some of the increase is due to better reporting and including countries with long established facilities not previously reported. Other Uses China, Japan and Tunisia reported other uses such as earthquake monitoring, tourism, and animal husbandry. Capacity Factors Average capacity or load factors were determined for each country as shown in Table 1. They vary from 0.12 to 1.00 with an average of 0.32. The lower values are for countries dominated by geothermal heat pump use; whereas, the higher 4PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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