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numbers are for countries with high industrial use or continuous operations of pools for swimming and bathing. Similar factors were also calculated for each use category and are listed in Table 3. These are then compared with the 1995 data. Table 3. Capacity factors _________________________________________________ Lund and Freeston Wells Drilled, Person-years, and Funds Invested in Geothermal Projects Table 1 also shows data submitted for wells drilled, person-years of work and funds expended on direct-use project during 1995 -1999. Not all countries reported data for these tables, and it was often difficult to separate Electrical from Direct-Use values. However, for those countries that did submit data, the following observations are made. During this period over 1,028 wells were drilled with 306 in Russia and 241 in Iceland being the most active countries. Geothermal heat pump wells are not included in these data. The person-year column numbers refer to the total employed on geothermal projects, and as was reported in Freeston (1995, 1996), it is assumed that in many countries one work force caters to both disciplines. The total number is 3,363 professional person-years of effort, submitted by 29 countries for the five-y ear period. Relating this to developed capacity is difficult because both electrical and direct-uses, with the assumption above, have benefitted from this work force. However, a percentage of the 3,363 person-years of effort enabled the capacity to increase since 1995 by 87% to 16, 211 MWt. The increase of 7,547 MWt results in almost 0.5 person-years per MW of increase or about 0.2 person-year of total capacity. However, since the person-years is under reported, a better example would be data from eleven Central and Eastern European countries where almost all of the development has been in direct-use and the numbers are more complete. Here 967 person years for 1,139 MWt (180 MWt new) calculates that approximately five person-years per new MWt developed or one person-year is necessary to develop and maintain one MWt of total capacity - probably a better indication. Category Space Heating Greenhouse Heating Aquaculture Ponds Agriculture Drying Industrial Snow Melting Bathing/Swimming Heat Pumps Total _________________________________________________ Most of the values for 2000 are about the same as in 1995, except for the following: the lower space heating number is due to the dominance of values from Iceland and China: the higher aquaculture number is due to the dominance of higher values for the United Sates; and the higher number for bathing and swimming is due to more accurate reported values and the almost full-time flow through operation of many resorts; and the lower heat pump number is due to the low equivalent number of full load days used by the United States as discussed earlier. The reduction in the total factor is also due to the increased influence of geothermal heat pumps which have a low value. Capacity Factors 1995 2000 0.47 0.38 0.46 0.44 0.39 0.65 0.53 0.44 0.59 0.68 0.25 0.29 0.46 0.63 0.25 0.11 0.41 0.32 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 123456789 Applications 1. Space Heating 2. Bathing 3. Heat Pumps 4. Greenhouses 5. Aquaculture 6. Industrial 7. Snow Melting / Air Cond. 8. Ag. Drying 9. Others 1995 2000 Figure 2. Comparison of Energy Use in TJ/yr for 1995 and 2000. 5 TJ/yrPDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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