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Lund and Freeston Twenty-three countries replied with data on investments. For the five-year period a total of at least US$ 841 million was invested in direct-use development, about a 40% decrease from the 1985-1994 number. However, we are comparing a five year period to a 10 year period in this case. However, this number should not be taken too literally since only 23 countries reported data and these were not necessarily the same countries that reported in 1995. Two countries invested more than half the total: Switzerland at US$ 230 million and Korea at US$276 million. Again, to obtain a ball-park figure, if the assumptions for Central and Eastern Europe are used as above, then US$ 105.6 million from ten countries were used to develop 180 new MWt and maintain 1,139 MWt total, thus approximately US$ 0.6 million was used to develop one new MWt or US$ 0.1 million to develop and maintain one MWt of total capacity. Summary Figure 2, presents a comparison between the various uses in 1995 and present based on Freeston (1995, 1996). COUNTRY REVIEWS The reports submitted for each country and published in the WGC2000 Proceedings of the Congress are briefly summarized below and any additional information from the recent literature added to gave an overview of the a country’s development, program and prospect. Over ninety papers and personal contacts were made to gather the information as cited in the Reference section. Africa Algeria: Bathing and balneotherapy are the principal uses of geothermal waters in Algeria. The sites consist of modern thermal resorts, ancient roman pools and primitive shelters. Unfortunately there has been no update since 1995. At that time it was estimated by Freeston, (1995) that for a total of eleven localities used for bathing that the total flow was about 516 kg/s and an energy annual utilization of 1586 TJ and with an assumed load factor of 0.5 gives a thermal power of 100 MWt . Kenya: Information on the use of geothermal fluids for direct heat utilization in Kenya is scarce. However Mwangi, (2000) reports a horticultural farm using well OW-101 on the Olkaria field, with an output capacity of 1.28 MW for use in a greenhouse for flower growing on an experimental basis which later will be converted to a commercially viable operation. This development was first mentioned at the 1995 Congress by Me laku et al., (1995) where a study had been made to utilize heat from the well to pass through a heat exchanger to produce cle an fluid to be sprayed onto the soil to sterilize it. Tunisia: The geothermal resources of Tunisia were described in Ben Dhia and Bouri, (1995). No update report was received, however some data is available from Mohamed, (1997). This is confined to the Kebili region in the southern part of the country where geothermal fluid is used for irrigation of oasis and heating and irrigation of greenhouses. The irrigation practiced is by submersion of all the area resulting in significant water wastage. In general geothermal resources are rare and non-renewable due to the absence of recharge in aquifers which are over exploited. When the water temperature is less than 400C it is used directly for irrigation but when it exceeds 450C it is cooled by atmospheric towers before use, since vegetation and plants are sensitive to relatively hot water. Other Countries: Eritrea: Lowenstern, (1996) reports of a USGS and Eritrean team assessing the geothermal potential of the Alid Volcanic center 30km south of the Gulf of Zula in th e Danakil (Afar) Rift. Fumaroles and thermal pools were found in at least 11 small sites over about 10 km2. A variety of gas thermometers also yielded high parent reservoir temperatures up to and over 2500C. Ethiopia has considerable both high and low enthalpy resources in the Ethiopian Rift Valley and Afar depression. However the only new development is utilizing wells drilled in the middle 80’s at Aluto-Langano (Lakes District) where a small pilot power plant for a 5-7 MWe has been operating. There is a history however of low enthalpy use for resort and therapeutic purposes Teklemariam et al., (2000), although no details have been published. For the first time M orocco submitted a Country update report, Rimi, (2000) whic h gives an evaluation of its geothermal resources, which are mainly low enthalpy. Maps of heat flow density and temperature distributions down to 3000m depth are drawn and potential regions identified by estimation of heat in place. The promising regions for development are northeastern Morocco and the sedimentary basins in the Sahara. Tanzania: Hochstein et al., (2000) reports an evaluation of the countries resources. There are at least 15 thermal areas with hot (T>400C) spring activity however there appears to be little evidence to encourage or support any of these areas for development of direct use schemes. Isabirye, (2000) reports on the status of geothermal developments in Uganda. However there is no mention of direct heat applications, the studies to date appear to have focused on power generation. The Americas Central America and the Caribbean Islands A number of countries in Central American and the Caribbean Islands have developed geothermal electric power. These include Costa Rica (115 MWe), El Salvador (161 MWe), Guatemala (33.4 MWe), Nicaragua (70 MWe), and Guadeloupe (5 MWe). However, as detailed below, only two countries and several Caribbean Islands report any geothermal direct-uses. Guatemala: The first two successful direct-use of geothermal energy in Guatemala has been at the Amatitlan geothermal field (Merida, 1999). The first one is Bloteca, a construction block factory established about 20 years ago and that recently started using geothermal steam in the curing process for concrete products. The other one is Agroindustrias La Laguna, a fruit dehydration plant, that was setup as an experimental and demonstration project. While developing this second project the owners decided to bring a product, Eco-Fruit, to the local market using the plant. The product was so successful that it has been in all supermarket chains for the past two-and-a-half years. At Bloteca a 185oC well is used saving $24,000 per month as compared to diesel fuel. The installed capacity is 0.88 MWt and the annual utilization is 27.65 TJ. A downhole heat exchange r 6PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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