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is used at the Eco-Fruit plant, with an estimated installed capacity of 0.5 MWt and an annual utilization of 15 TJ. Honduras: The development of geothermal resources in the electrical generating field is being changed from a state owned company to open private participation, thus new developments are on hold (Castillo and Salgado, 2000). There is direct heat utilization in the form of bathing and swimming. A total of three locations have been developed in the country with an installed capacity of 0.71 MWt and an annual utilization of 17.02 TJ. Nicaragua: No direct utilization exists at this time, but the government with support from the European Community and the U.N. Economic Commission for Latin America and The Caribbean (ECLAC) will carry out a geothermal rural electrification and direct application pilot project in two areas: Cosiguina and Ometepe Island (Zuniga and Medina, 2000). Low-enthalpy geothermal fluids will be investigated for use in grain drying, fish farming and heating greenhouses. Caribbean Islands: Low temperature waters are informally used for bathing on several islands and bath houses have been built on St. Lucia and Nevis (Huttrer, 2000). Installed capacity is 0.05 MWt and annual use is 0.97 TJ. Otherwise, geothermal fluids are not being used in this region except for the power plant on Guadeloupe. North America Canada: Geothermal direct utilization consists of four categories in Canada: geothermal heat pumps, aquifer thermal energy storage, energy from mine waters, and use at resorts (Allen, et al., 2000). The use of low-grade geothermal energy for heating and cooling using heat pumps, has increased steadily in recent years. Today, there is an estimated 30,000 units of 12 kW installed, giving a capacity of 360 MWt and an annual use of 864 TJ. (Kane, 2000). Canada’s cold winters coupled with growing concerns over greenhouse gas emissions suggests that this technology will be an important component of the country’s geothermal industry in the future. The development is usually in small units, providing heat and/or cooling to commercial buildings and larger private homes. However, there are several showcase projects situated throughout the country that have proven to be economically attractive. Some of these applications have combined heat exchangers and aquifer thermal storage technologies (ATES), whereby the geothermal energy is recycled in the ground to provide both seasonal heating and cooling. ATES has been or is currently being implemented in a number of large-scale buildings projects in Canada, including in Ottawa, New Brunswick, British Columbia, and Toronto. A low-temperature geothermal resource associated with abandoned coal mines at Springhill, Nova Scotia continues to provide direct-use geothermal energy for space heating in an industrial development in that community (Jessop, 1995). This project provides 26 TJ/yr and an estimated 11 MWt of installed capacity. A similar project has been proposed for Nanaimo, British Columbia where there is an abundance of warm water in extensive underground mine workings beneath the city. There are also 11 commercial hot pools and eight resorts in British Columbia and Alberta using geothermal energy for heating with average temperatures of 40o and 50oC respectively (Sadler - Lund and Freeston Brown, 2000). This would add an estimated 6.6 MWt and 133 TJ/yr. The total is then 377.6 MWt and 1023 TJ/yr. Mexico: In addition to having 755 MWe of geothermal electric power on-line, Mexico has several smaller space heating, greenhouse heating, agricultural drying, timber drying, and mushroom breeding projects, along with 20 bathing and swimming pool heating sites (Quijano-Leon and Gutierrex-Ne grin, 2000). The agricultural drying (fruit drying), greenhous e heating, space heating and timber drying projects are demonstration facilities at the Los Azufres geothermal field ( Casimiro and Pastrana, 1996). The mushroom growing facility is located at the Los Humeros geothermal field, which produces approximately 1.5 tonnes annually of Pleurotus ostreatus (Ra ngel, 1998). An experimental timber drying facility, not reported, is located at Los Azufres, and adds and additional 0.04 MWt and 0.63 TJ/yr. The total capacity of these projects is 0.23 MWt and the annual energy use is 6.04 TJ. There are many places where warm waters are used for recreation and therapeutic purposes, but there are no coordinated efforts to promote balneology. These places use from 7 kg/s to 1,000 kg/s in the pools, most of which are located outside. They are found throughout the Mexican volcanic zone and some were even used by the early Aztecs. The total installed capacity is 164.23 MWt and the estimated annual energy use is 3,919.48 TJ. United States: Since 1995, 27 new and 10 expanded direct-use projects have been developed representing 136 MWt in thermal capacity and 2,600 TJ of annual energy utilization (Lund and Boyd, 2000). Geothermal heat pumps represent the largest growth sector during this period, adding an estimated 2,956 MWt and 3,812 TJ annually. The total capacity of the U.S. is now at 5,366 MWt with an annual utilization of 20,302 TJ. The largest increase in geothermal direct-use was in the heating of aquaculture pond and raceways. Ten new fish pond heating projects were recently identified in the Imperial Valley of California along with the expansion of two existing projects (Rafferty, 1999). Approximately 3.65 million kg of Tilapia, catfish and hybrid striped bass are raised annually. A second area identified as having a significant increase in aquaculture projects is along the Snake River Plain of southern Idaho. Seven new projects were identified in this area, adding an additional one million kg of Tilapia and catfish in annual production. These installations use cascaded water from artesian wells in raceways for raising their fish. Two district heating projects were expanded: the City of Klamath Falls and Oregon Institute of Technology. Both have also added snow melting. A total of 8,250 m2 of sidewalk and highway pavement snow melting have been added to these systems. Six greenhouse projects have also been expanded, two in California, three in Idaho and one in New Mexico for a total of 46.5 ha. Geothermal heat pumps have steadily increased over the past five years with an estimated 45,000 units installed annually of 12 kW size capacity. Of these, 46% are vertical closed loop, 38% horizontal closed loop and 15% open loop systems. Projections for the future are that the installation rate will increase about 10% annually, so that by 2010 an estimated 120,000 new units would be installed in that year. It is estimated that 400,000 units are presently installed in the U.S., thus, this rate would add an additional 1.1 million units for a total of about 1.5 million units by 2010. The majority of the installations are in the mid-west and southern states (from North 7PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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