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Lund and Freeston Dakota to Florida). Data from individual space heating and pool heating were updated with missing information added. Thi s increase, in most cases, is not due to new installations, but reflects the gathering of better data. South America Argentina: This southern country leads South America in geothermal utilization. The emphasis on geothermal development has been in the area of direct-utilization, as the small geothermal binary power plant (670 kW) at Copahue went off line in 1996 (Pesce, 2000). A National Geothermal Plan has been instituted to raise interest in geothermal development. New direct-use developments have taken place in northeastern Argentina where six new thermal areas have been exploited for recreational and therapeutic purposes, which has produced new economic activity in that region. In the western part of the county, on the flanks of the Andes at Copahue-Caviahue, projects using thermal fluids to heat streets and access roads for a ski resort area has been completed. This area is an international thermal center with capacity to supply 2,500 thermal baths a day. Until the installation of the snow melting system, the village was only open in summer from December to April, as winter storms could cumulate up to four meters of snow on the streets. South of Buenos Aires, greenhouse heating, shrimp farming and a thermal therapeutic center were developed. Further south, in Chubut Province, a project using thermal fluids for trout farming is under development. At present there are 134 direct use projects with an installed capacity of 25.71 MWt and an annual energy use of 449.24 TJ. Bolivia: The main effort in this country is a study of the geothermal Sol de Mañana of Laguna Colorado in southern Bolivia near the Chilean border (Terceros, 2000). Engineering services for field studies were contracted to the Federal Commission of Electricity (CFE) of Mexico. As a result, the field as been certified to generate at least 120 MWe over 25 years. The generated electricity will be distributed in the local market for mining, processing of minerals and use by the local populations. A 5 MWe pilot plant will be installed initially. No direct utilization is planned. Columbia: After more than 30 years of trying to develop the geothermal potential of Colombia, there is no concerted effort to explore and assess the geothermal resources of the entire country (Alfaro, et al., 2000). Until recently, the availability of other sources of conventional energy prevented geothermal from being exploited. However, the 1992-93 energy crisis, alerted the authorities and the community about the necessity for exploring alternative energy sources. There are, however, current geothermal direct utilization in the form of approximately 38 bathing and swimming sites with an estimated installed capacity of 13.3 MWt and annual energy use of 266 TJ. Others: There are many potential geothermal sites in Chile, E cuador and Peru along the front range of the Andes, but no papers were prepared from these countries for the Congress. Based on the authors’ personal knowledge there is direct utilization of geothermal waters at spas in Chile and Peru, however, the size is unknown. In Peru there are at least two spas at Ariquipa, three in the Colca River Valley and two in th eCotahuasiRiverValley(Huttrer,2000). Plansarealsobeing made to develop the geothermal resources in southern Peru and at El Tatio in Chile. In southern Chile at Puyehue a resort hot el, Termas Puyehue, uses five different springs from 41 to 54o C for bathing. Venezuela has several small spas and is invest igating a geothermal resource in the El Pilar area that has the potential for electricity generation but also for greenhouse hea ting, drying of agricultural and forestry products, spas and tou rism (Urbani, 1999). These spas are estimated to have a capa city of 3.5 MWt and use of 70 TJ/yr. Asia China: Zhang et al., (2000) discusses geothermal developments within the country over the last 10 years. They report on studies that have identified more than 3,200 anomalies in China of which some 50 geothermal fields have been investigated and explored. An annual increase of 12% for the past 10 years is reported. Non-electrical use has developed rapidly, particularly in the last 5 years, especially in the areas of space heating, sanatorium use and tourism. By the end of 1998 low temperature use was 8,000,000 m2 of space heating, 700,000 m2 of greenhouses, 3,000,000 m2 of aquaculture ponds, and over 1600 sites of spa and sanatorium use of geothermal energy. The total capacity originally reported for non-electrical use was 4,310,000 t standard coal (approx 118,569 TJ), however, this figure has been modified to 31,403 TJ/yr based on an 8% annual growth rate. The future of geothermal exploitation in China is discussed; R & D and setting up of standards for materials and equipment are prominent in the plans. A paper by Cai, (2000) discusses the technical progress of space heating in Tianjin. The application of four types of space heating in use in Tianjin are presented. Axelsson et al., (1998) have studied the Tanggu (Tianjin) geothermal reservoir as there are indications that the field is over exploited. They recommend a comprehensive management program be put in place and in particular an improvement in the energy efficiency of space heating in the district should be attempted where a 50% reduction in hot water use should be possible. Huang, (2000) presents a historical review of developments in China and includes a discussion on the transport of geothermal fluids over long distances for direct use. Wang et al., (2000a) discusses utilization in Hebei province, where 80 hectares of aquaculture plant, 183,200 m2 of district heating, 13 medical treatment facilities and 63 bathing units are part of the 119 sites that have been developed in the past 20 years utilizing geothermal fluids. The same authors Wang et al. (2000b), discusses the geological and development strategy in Xiong County geothermal field. Zhu, (1999) presents an overview of developments of low temperature use (< 1500C) China with 2,410 MWt installed and this is also reported by Liao (1997). Using this value, it was then extrapolated to 2000 at 2,814 MWt installed. The emphasis is on the replacement of coal fired projects with geothermal. It is projected to replace 13.4 million tonnes of coal by geothermal over the period 2001 – 2010. Although no heat pumps are currently operating in China it is recorded in this paper that the absorption heat pump is being researched. India: The seven major geothermal provinces of India enclose nearly 400 springs, Chandrasekharem, (2000). Exploration and pre-feasibility studies on promising geothermal provinces have demonstrated that commercial exploitation of these reserves has to be initiated. All of the current direct use recorded is used for 8PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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