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bathing however the paper does discuss a project involving the use of geothermal fluids for drying onions in Andhra Pradesh province and a project for removing Cesium from the Puga waters is described. The Tattapani geothermal field is reported by Sarolkar and Pitale, (2000) to have possibilities of using the effluent from a 300 kW binary plant for further use in direct heat plant. 1800 liters/minute of 1000C water is produced from 5 wells. A number of schemes for utilization of the effluent are discussed. The water, which is fairly benign, is finally used for irrigation. Indonesia: The developments in Indonesia have been centered on producing electricity. About 3.4% of the total mixed elec-t rical energy can be attributed to geothermal by the year 2000, as reported by Sudarman et al. (2000). The only recorded direct use is for 5 sites where a total capacity of 7.3 MWt with an annual energy use of 42.6 TJ is used for bathing. The severe economic crises that started in late 1997 has adversely affected power sector demand and growth in Indonesia, Fauzi et al., (2000). Israel: Some 430 deep oil and structural wells have been drilled in Israel, Greitzer and Levitte (2000). Most of these wells have been abandoned or are not in use. Thermal gradients and isotherm maps were estimated from the accumulated data. About 100 of these wells have been studied for possible geothermal use. A number of them were selected for spas and others, particularly in the Dead Sea Rift, are used for greenhouses. Thermal waters used for health and recreation utilize waters from both springs (26-620C) and deep drillholes (420C). Greenhouses use brackish water from the Mash’abbe Sade well field in the northern Negev. In the south, 80km from the Dead Sea, 600C water is available and in the Paran area 30 -330C is used for heating greenhouses. Fish farming in the north close to the Jordan Valley and south along the Mediterranean coast, 70 km north of Tel-Aviv, utilizes warm brackish water at 260C. In all 1787 kg/s of fluid are used with a capacity of 63.3 MWt and an annual energy use of 1654 TJ. Japan: Sekioka and Yoshii, (2000) presents detailed analysis of the use of geothermal fluids throughout Japan using a new version of a database developed by the New Energy Foundation. Installed thermal power is 253 MWt with the maximum in Hokkaido Prefecture (81.8 MWt). The major use is for space heating at 152 MWt. Annual energy use is 5772 TJ with maximums in Hokakaido Prefecture and for space heating. H okakaido uses 2050 TJ and space heating is attributed with 38 62 TJ. Space heating has a capacity factor of 0.81 with the highest factor being 0.92 for fish and animal heating. A small use of heat pumps is indicated which are concentrated in the cold and snowy Prefecture of Okayama. Hot spring water above 150C is available all over the country so there is little demand for heat pumps. Jordan: Investigations across the country in the last 30 years have revealed good prospects for low enthalpy use of geothermal fluids, Swarieh (2000). The geothermal gradient map of Jordan reveals two distinct regions of high geothermal gradients up to 500C/km. These are in the vicinity of the east side of the Dead Sea and near the border with Syria and Iraq. In this region several thermal wells discharge water from the Upper Cretaceous Limestone. The thermal water from the springs and Lund and Freeston wells range in temperature from 30 to 630C. These springs and wells are currently used for spas and recreation. The estimate d capacity for bathing and swimming is 153.3 MWt with an annual utilization of 1540 TJ. Giving an average capacity factor of 0.42. The medicinal uses of the thermal waters of the springs has long been recognized and the paper discusses briefly the application of the fluids to greenhouse heating, fish farming and refrigeration by absorption. Korea: Geothermal resources are primarily and traditionally centered on public bathing facilities (Yum, 2000). Current plans do not envisage utilizing geothermal for electric power generation. Over the period 1992 – 1998 the Korean Institute of Geology, Mining, & Materials (KIGAM) has conducted geological surveys for more than 200 outcrops and made temperature logs from 350 bores nationwide with depths from 150 – 1500 metres. Fifteen of the older geothermal areas, which have 233 wells and 452 hot springs with temperatures ranging from 25 to 750C, were visited by more than 24 million users in 1994. There are about 100 newer areas with temperatures in the range 25 to 500C where 42 spa facilities have been constructed up to 1997. Geothermal waters are also used in district heating and industrial use but no statistics are available. Nepal: Geothermal manifestations occur in more than twenty eight localities in Nepal mainly scattered along the Main Central Thrust and the Main Boundary Fault, Ranjit (2000). The surface temperatures of thermal water varies between 230C and 730C. The popularizing of the use of low temperature water through the media has drawn the energy planners. As a result the Ninth Plan of Nepal (1997-2002) has undertaken to prepare and/or update the inventory of geothermal localities and also to conduct a few pilot projects. Hot springs throughout the country used for tourist and religious purposes have long been popular but recent media coverage has increased their popularity. The Singha hot spring in western Nepal is one that people from distant places visit. Preliminary analysis of waters and isotopic studies indicate that there exists a large reservoir in western Nepal. Drilling activities for large-scale utilization of geothermal water has been limited by road access. The government is now placing emphasis on road construction which will open up areas for development. Currently all the logged data are for bathing at spas etc. A total capacity of 1.06 MWt is estimated with an annual energy use of 22.2 TJ Philippines: Karunungan and Requejo (2000) presents the update for geothermal development in the Philippines and mainly discusses the power industry. However, they make the point that the Asian crisis although not cutting off expansion, has curtailed plans and restricted growth of the industry. Two papers, Chua et al. (1996) and Adajar (1999), discuss the details of pilot plants for multi crop drying plant, one attached to the Southern Negros power project of PNOC and the other a t Manito in the province of Albay about 20 km north east of the Bacon-Manito power project. The Southern Negros pilot 1 MWt plant, which was referred to in Freeston (1995, 1996) is described in detail by Chua et al. (1996). At that time it was anticipated that other plants of similar design would be in use in other areas and would seem to be moving in that direction. Thailand: The paper by Ramingwong et al. (2000) details the studies that have been ongoing since the 1995 report, however 9PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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