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Lund and Freeston it appears that little progress has been made in developing ope rational projects. The 0.3 MWe Ormat plant at Fang has co ntinued to operate at high load factors and the air conditionin g, cold storage and crop dryer using the 800C exhaust from th e power plant has continued. Recently a new larger crop drye r has been constructed and the Mae Fang National Park has b uilt a public bathing pond and sauna room to serve visitors. T he San Kampaeng, Pai and nine other geothermal systems are reported to be under further investigation but to date no other above ground developments have taken place. Charusiri et al. (2000) discusses hot spring and heat flow data collected in S E Asia and their application to Tectonic settings. Turkey: Turkey has been in the forefront of direct use application and development in recent years. Freeston (1995, 1996) reported an installed capacity of 140 MWt, Batik et al. (2000) at this conference, has a figure of 820 MWt installed with an annual energy use of 15,756 TJ. Most of the development has occurred in space heating where 51,600 residences have geothermal heating (493 MWt) with 45.4 ha of geothermal greenhouse heating and 194 spas used for balne o-logical purposes (327 MWt). Engineering design to supply a further 150,000 houses with geothermal heat is complete. The projections for 2010 is 3,500 MWt (500,000 residences equi- valent which is about 30% of the total residences in the country), of heating and 895 MWt for spas and by 2020, 8300 MWt (1.25million residences equivalent) of heating and 2300 MWt of spas will be complete. Construction costs for heating are 850-1250 US$/kW and the cost per residence around 2000 US$ for investments that are paid back in 5-10 years. At Kizi ldere geothermal field where 12-15 MWe is produced, a liqui d CO2 and dry ice production factory utilizes geothermal fluid to produce 120,000 tonnes annually. Kocak (2000) dis-cusse s the setting of the geothermal fields in Turkey and gives detai ls of both the high and low enthalpy geothermal areas. Other countries: Iran has continued exploration activities since that reported in 1995, Fotouhi and Noorollahi (2000). Sarein area in the Sablan region where there are hot springs, is targeted for direct use utilization. Bakht (2000) provides a good overview of the geology and related geothermal resources of Pakistan, however there is no use of fluids reported. Europe Europe has only geothermal electric power generation in Iceland (170 MWe), Italy (785 MWe) and Portugal (Azores) (16 MWe), however, most countries have some form of direct utilization, mainly in the form of heating swimming pools and spas, or using geothermal heat pumps for space heating. Albania: Studies have been carried out oriented toward the distribution of geothermal fields and the natural thermal water springs and wells (Frasheri, 2000). This includes temperature measurements, and the calculation of geothermal gradient and heat flow density. Approximately 145 wells have been logged along with the chemical analysis of eight springs. Artesian wells have fluid temperatures as high as 65.5o C and the springs reach 60oC. Two direction of exploiting these resources are pro-po sed: first to use the thermal water springs and wells of low enthalpy, and secondly, the use of deep doublet in abandoned oil and gas wells and single well using a “Vertical Earth Heat Probe.” No direct-use is listed for Albania. Austria: The period since 1995 has seen a lot of activities on exploitation of geothermal energy in Austria (Goldbrunner, 1999). In this time 17 wells have been drilled for a total of 31,875 m. Three of these were injection wells which were drilled in the Upper Austrian Molasse Basin. At present Austria has four geothermal plants (all in Upper Austria) which inject the water. At one site (Geinberg) cascaded geothermal use is now performed which includes district heating, spa heating, use of thermal water for bathing, swimming and balneology and greenhouse heating. The temperature use at 12 sites vary from 33 to 95oC. The drilling of deviated injection wells were supported by the European Union via the Thermie A program. The installed capacity of the direct-use projects is 27.3 MWt and the annual utilization is 515.1 TJ. There is also an estimated 19,000 geothermal heat pump installation in the country with an annual increase of 1,600 (Rybach and Sanner, 1999). Based on typical values of 12 kW per installation, COP of 3.0 and 2,000 equivalent full time operating hours in the heating mode, would give 228 MW installed capacity and 1094 TJ/yr utilization. Belgium: There has been no new geothermal development in the country since the 1995 country update (Vandenberghe, 1999). Production is mainly concentrated in the Mons area, in south- west Belgium ( Berckmans and Vandenberghe, 1998). The g ov-ernment is aware that in the future the geothermal issue wi ll be raised again if energy prices start to rise. The Flemish go vern-ment has a technology research facility (VITO), which e m-phasizes the use of <25oC aquifers for cold/heat storage pur -poses for large buildings. In addition a study is commissioned to evaluate what the governments position should be regardin g HDR (Vandenberghe, 2000). In north Belgium, swimming p ools are heated at Herentals and Turnhout. There is also a fis h farm at Turnhout. In south Belgium water is used to heat sc hools, swimming pools, sport facilities and residential buildings. The water is then cooled from 50o to 40oC to heat a greenhous e of 4,000 m2, and further cooled to 30oC to heat waste muds at Wasmuel. The well water at Bouvrain is used to heat a local hospital (Berckmans and Vandenberghe, 1998). The total installed capacity is 3.89 MWt and the annual energy use is 107.1 TJ. Bulgaria: Geothermal research and development has progressed at a slow pace in the last five years (Bojadgieva, et al., 2000). The government has withdrawn their support and the private industry has been generally involved only in bottling of potable water and soft drinks. Only two small demonstration projects for space heating and hot tap water, entirely financed by PHARE program have been completed at two geothermal cities. A small geothermal installation for school heating was partially funded by the state. The major applications of thermal water in the country is in balneology, for space heating and air conditi on-ing, for domestic hot water, for greenhouses and aquaculture, swimming pools and bottling. There is some processing of flax and hemp fibers, and a small enterprise for the extraction of iodine, bromine, boron, strontium, etc., from the thermal water is in operation near Varna on the northern Black Sea coast. The total installed capacity is now 107.2 MWt of which 13.3 is due to geothermal heat pumps. Compared to 1995 about 2.5 MWt of direct utilization was removed due to maintenance problems 10PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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