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and 0.85 MWt were added. The annual utilization is 1637.2 TJ of which 162.0 is due to geothermal heat pumps. The direct utilization is distributed between eight sites in the country. Croatia: Low temperature thermal water is widely used for ba th-ing, swimming and medical purposes in traditional spas, so me of which are also equipped with geothermal space heating sys-tems (Jelic et al., 2000). Only two out of ten geothermal f ields discovered during the hydrocarbon exploration activities are currently in use. According to the Program of Geothermal Energy Utilization GEOEN, in the near future the energy from the majority of the geothermal fields should be directly used for space heating and in the agricultural sector for greenhouse hea t-ing and industrial processing of fruits and vegetables. Beside the direct heat applications, the construction of a geothermal electric power plant is planned for 2005. There are 18 sites in the country using geothermal energy with an installed capacity of 113.9 MWt and annual energy use of 544.8 TJ. Czech Republic: The geothermal resources are available either directly in the tectonic structures of the crystalline Bohemian Massif or in sedimentary basins covering the Massif which represent secondary accumulations of geothermal heat (Stibitz, 1999). Geothermal heat of low-enthalpy is used for domestic and swimming pool water heating, and for some small industry. The most famous spa use are at Karlovy Vary (Karlsbad) and Mariánské Lázně(Marienbad) along with five others (28 to 7 2oC water) in the western part of the country with an estimated 4.5 MWt capacity and 90 TJ/yr (Lund, 1990). About 390 ge o-thermal heat pumps have been installed with a total of 7.95 MWt capacity and an estimated 38.2 TJ/year (350 vertical and 10 horizontal ground coupled, and 30 water source installa-tio ns). The small scale private installations are typically used for heating of family houses (output less than 20 kW), hotels, accommodation facilities, swimming pools and small businesses (20 to 100 kW) as well as three water treatment plants using heat pumps with output more than 100 kW each. A heat pump with 1 MW output has been installed at the Prokop Mine of th e Pribram ore mining district. The warm water is pumped from the mine shaft at 28oC, run through the heat pump where the water is then used for heating the mine facilities as well as the adjacent administrative buildings. Future project possibilities included a 15 MW heat pump in the town of Breclav for district heating, direct-use in a soap factory and swimming pool in Tr ekov, two projects in Mušov and Pisek for thermal spas, swimming pool and greenhouses heating, and a power plant in the region close to the Czech-German border (Doupovske vrchy and Bozi Dar). Denmark: The country has widespread geothermal aquifers, which can be used for district heating (Mahler, 2000). How-e ver, combined heat and power (CHP) plants cover the heat demand on the Danish district heating networks. The Danish geothermal development has thus been concentrated on a single geothermal plant in Thisted (northern Jutland). This plant uses an absorption heat pump driven by an incineration CHP plant. The plant was recently expanded and now uses 150 m3/hr of a 15% saline 45oC geothermal water. The capacity of the system is 4 MWt and produces 53.9 TJ of annual heat energy. Appro xi-mately 250 ground water based heat pump units were instal led in the early eighties and an additional 37,500 ground and air- Lund and Freeston based heat pumps are also installed; however, it is unknown how many of these are ground coupled. The 250 groundwater units have an approximate capacity of 3.0 MWt and annual energy use of 20.8 TJ. Finland: The most promising forms of geothermal energy in Finland are restricted to the utilization of ground heat with heat pumps (Kukkonen, 2000). This is due to the geological condi -tions as Finland is a part of the Fennoscandian (or Baltic) Shield. The bedrock is Precambrian covered with a thin (<5 m) cover of Quaternary sediments. Topography is subdued and does not easily produce advective re-distribution of geothermal heat by groundwater circulation systems. Due to the crystalline character of the bedrock, rock porosity and its water content are low. This practically excludes geothermal systems utilizing hot wet rock. Nevertheless, promising applications can be found for small-scale use of ground-stored heat in all parts of the country. About 10,000 heat pumps have been installed in boreholes, lakes or Quaternary deposits since the early 1980's. About 70% are horizontal and 10% vertical ground coupled systems and 20% use lake water. Typical vertical installations are in small family houses using a shallow 100-200 m deep borehole, extracting about 50 W/m. The total installed capacity is 80.5 MWt and the annual energy use is 484 TJ/yr (based on 4000 full load hours per year and average capacity of 8 kW). The use of ground heat with geothermal heat pumps is currently increasing in Finland. France: The development of geothermal energy began as the result of the two energy crises in the 1970s, with an important development of activity from 1978 to 1987, when energy prices fell. During this nine-year period more than 70 geothermal district heating operations were constructed providing heat and hot water for around 200,000 housing units. During the early 1990s, with cheap energy, financial support for renewable energy was reduced. In 1997, with the Greens being elected to the French Parliament and with the necessity of controlling CO2 emissions, the French authorities expressed renewed interest in renewable energies and energy management, and thus, in 1998 increased their financial support for these activities. The fol-l owing priorities were planned for geothermal energy: (1) con- tinuation of the HDR program, (2) dissemination of ground-s ource heat pump technologies, (3) development in the use of high-enthalpy resources in the French Overseas Departments, and (4) development in the use of metropolitan low-enthalpy resources with an extension of the existing geothermal district heating plants to new consumers, and an extension of the during of the Long Term Guarantee System by 10 years. Out of the 74 plants operating at the end of 1986, only 61 are still in operation today: 41 in the Paris region, 15 in the Aquitaine Basin, and five in other regions (LaPlaige, et al., 2000). They heat and pr o-duce hot water for around 200,000 housing units. About one third of the plants in the Paris Region are profitable, one third break even and one third show a deficit. The installed capacity in the Paris Basin is 295 MWt with an annual energy use of 4,434 TJ, and elsewhere in the country such as at Bordeaux and including two greenhouse locations (8 MWt and 124 TJ/yr), the installed capacity is 31 MWt and the annual energy use 461 TJ. Assumed within the district heat system are an estimated 2,750 heat pump units installed from 1993-1996 (Rybach and Sanner, 1999). Extrapolating this to 1999 gives 4,000 units with a n 11PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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