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Lund and Freeston installed capacity of 48 MWt and utilization of 255 TJ/yr. This gives a total for the country of 326 MWt and 4895 TJ/yr (Des plan, 2000). Germany: By the end of 1999 direct thermal use of geothermal energy in Germany amounted to an installed thermal power of approximately 397 MWt (Schellschmidt, et al., 2000). Of this sum, approximately 53.2 MWt are generated in 27 major centralized installations. Small, decentralized earth-coupled heat pumps and groundwater heat pumps are estimated to contribute an additional 344 MWt from at least 18,000 installations. By the year 2002 an increase in total installed power of about 120 MWt is expected: 82 MWt from major central and 40 MWt from small, decentralized installations. This would boost direct thermal use in Germany close to an installed thermal power of 517 MWt. At present no electric power is produced from geothermal resources. The large centralized installations comprise heating plants, thermal spas sometimes combined with space heating, and in some cases, greenhouses and clusters of ground heat exchangers used for space heating and cooling. Most are located in the north German sedimentary basin, the Molasse Basin in southern Germany, or along the Rhine Graben. Direct- use of geothermal heat for space heating in small decentralized units is widespread in Germany. Depending on the local conditions these units consist of earth coupled heat pumps (horizontal heat collectors, vertical heat exchangers), or groundwater heat pumps. The estimated annual energy use is 419 TJ from direct use and 1149 TJ from individual heat pumps. Greece: During the period 1995-99, geothermal research and applications were mainly related to low enthalpy fields (Fytikas, et al., 2000). The areas of research included northern Greece (Thrace, Macedonia), NW Greece (Epirus), Chios and Lesvos islands (Aegean Sea). In Thrace, near the village Arisino, a new geothermal field was discovered with temperature approaching 92oC. In NW Greece, exploration wells discovered temperatures of 48oC, and on Chios a recently discovered field produced 90oC water. Many new developments have occurred in the last five years, including heating of greenhouses, subsurface soil heating for early asparagus cultivation, production of spirulina, heatin g a hotel in the neighborhood of Nea Appollonia hot springs (Macedonia), and a spa complex in Thrace and applications that use heat pumps near Athens and on the island of Rhodes. Heat pumps have been installed for both heating and cooling. The first one was in a private house near Athens (35 kW) and the second in the Municipal building in Rhodes (140 kW). In addition, a heat pump coupled with ground heat storage is used for heating and cooling a 6000 m2 office building using 36oC water with a rating of 220 kW. The geothermal power plant on Milos has remained shut down since 1989. The direct-use installed capacity is 56.7 MWt and annual energy use is 382.3 TJ. In addition, for heat pumps the installed capacity at five sites is 0.40 MWt and the annual use is 3.1 TJ. Hungary: During the years since WGC’95 there have been six new geothermal developments in Hungary (Arpasi, et al., 2000). Geothermal is used directly by 94 different organization at 42 locations. The majority of the geothermal capacity and annual use is in greenhouse heating at 48 different locations (63.7%), followed by space heating (22.5%). There are two industrial users and four spas. Three pilot projects are under study by the Hungarian Oil and Gas Company (MOL) to develop geothermal electric power plants and then cascaded direct use projects (mainly for the heating of greenhouses). The installed capaci ty is 324.6 MWt, suppling 2804.3 TJ annually. This does not include use for swimming and bathing at spas which adds another 14.2 MWt and 358 TJ/yr. Geothermal heat pumps represent an additional 3.8 MWt of installed capacity, which is estimated to provide 20.2 TJ/yr. This gives a total of 342.6 MWt and 3,182.5 TJ/yr. Iceland: Geothermal energy plays an important role in the energy supply of the country. It provides about 50% of the total primary energy supply (Ragnarsson, 2000). The principle use of geothermal energy is for space heating where about 86% of all houses are heated with geothermal water. The benefits of geothermal heating are of great importance since heating is required almost all year and it saves about 100 million US$ in imported oil. A total of 26 municipally owned geothermal district heating system are located in Iceland, the largest of which is in Reykjavik serving 160,000 people. On the 1st of January, 1999, a new company was established by the merger of Reykjavik District Heating and Reykjavik Electricity: Reykjavik Energy (Orkuveita Reykjavikur), which is responsible for the distribution and sale of both hot water and electricity in the city. In December, 1998, a new geothermal district heating system started operation in northern Iceland at Arskogsstrond (population 270). Another new geothermal district heating system for the village of Stykkisholmur in the western part of Iceland is now under construction (population 1,300) and expected to be fully operational in the fall of 2000. There are about 100 public swimming pools and about 30 pools in schools and other institutions heated by geothermal energy with a combined surface area of 27,000 m2 - most of which are open- air and in constant use throughout the year. The use of geothermal energy for snow melting has been wide-spread for the past 15-20 years. This kind of utilization gained popularity when plastic pipes for hot water were introduced in the market. Spent water from houses, at about 35oC, is commonly used for deicing of sidewalks and parking spaces. The total area now covered by snow melting systems is estimated to be 350,000 m2, of which about 250,000 m2 are in Reykjavik. The main industrial uses of geothermal steam are for the diatomite drying plant at Mývatn in northern Iceland where about 27,000 tonnes per year are produced. At Reyhólar, a seaweed processing plant uses geothermal energy for drying with an annual production of 2,000 to 4,000 tonnes. The pilot salt plant on the Reykjanes Peninsular was closed down in 1994; however, a small part of the plant was restarted in 1999 and full operation is now under preparation. The most recent industrial application is drying of hardwoods from North American. A plant for the commercial production of liquid carbon dioxide has been in operation at Haedarendi in southern Iceland since 1986. At the end of 1997 the production of CO2 was increased from 40 kg per hour to 250 kg per hour, which is sufficient to meet current industrial demand in Iceland. Some 183,000 m2 of greenhouses and 105,000 m2 of soil heating are primarily located in southern Iceland. The greenhouse production is divided between different types of vegetables (55%) and flowers (45%). Most of the greenhouses are constructed of glass, as plastic film does not stand up well in the windy climate. At present there are about 50 fish farms in operation, with many of them using geothermal hot water to heat freshwater from 5 to 12oC mainly for raising 12PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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