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salmon (70%), but arctic char and trout are also raised. The total fish production is about 4,000 tonnes per year. Today t he installed capacity is 1,469 MWt and 20,170 TJ annual energy use. This includes 4 MWt and 20 TJ/yr for a few heat pump installations, mainly of large capacity. Italy: The lack of economic incentives for direct use of geothermal heat prevented the research and development of lo w-temperature resources and made it difficult to develop new projects using fluids already available (Cappetti, et al., 2000) In Italy, the vast majority of geothermal development is based on steam-dominated reservoirs, so waste steam with high enough temperatures are generally not available. Under these circumstances, heat has to be supplied by means of geothermal steam subtracted from the electricity generation; the subsequent loss of generation has to be charged to the heat user, resulting in increased costs, especially when the electricity produced with that steam benefits from the state subsidies. Despite this, some progress has been made over the last five-year period. The district heating of many villages in the Larderello area (Monte cerboli, Serrazzano, Lustignano, San Dalmazio and Sasso Pis ano) accounts for the largest amount among the new applications, even though the unit capacities are small. These plants are fed by steam supplied by ERGA (the new energy company owned by ENEL) and operated by local municipalities. In Larderello, the local swimming pool has re-opened after many years of closure and features a brand-new geothermal heating system. New greenhouses have been built in the Radi condoli area, and finally an industrial plant for the transformation of dairy by-products has been built in Carboli, in the southernmost part of the Larderello field. Existing greenhouse in Castelnuovo V.C. have been dismantled; and most importantly, the Vicenze district heating system has been converted from geothermal to natural gas. The recent start-ups of geothermal power plants in the water-dominated fields of B agnore and Latera will make available large quantities of waste heat in the sites for district heating and greenhouses. Elsewhere, direct-use of geothermal energy are mainly connected to the spa business, but a large share is also related with greenhouses and fish farming (Carella and Sommaruga, 2000). Geothermal space heating include hotel facilities in the Abano area and district heating at Ferrara, the use of heat pumps at Acqui Terme in NW Italy, and a district heating system in Bagno di Romana in the NE Appennines. Carella and Sommaruga (2000) estimate that there are 52 ha of greenhouses and four major fish farms in Italy using geothermal waters. Only about 100 individual heat pumps are estimated to be used. The installed capacity for direct-use is 324.6 MWt and the annual energy use 3767.4 TJ (Cappetti, et al., 2000), with space heating accounting for 41%, bathing and swimming for 28%, greenhouse heating for 22%, indu strial process heat for 9%, and fish farming for less than 1% o f the annual energy use. The 100 individual heat pumps are e stimated to account for 1.2 MWt and 6.4 TJ/yr. Lithuania: The country has no volcanic activities and no hot springs, but has many reservoirs with warm geothermal water which can be used for district heating, and in health resorts and swimming pool (Suveizdis, et al., 2000). The geothermal potential in Lithuania was investigated through seismic exploration, investigation of oil and gas wells, and the drilling of geothermal exploration wells. Two wells were drilled in 1989 and 1993 with flow rates up to 50 m3/h and at a tempera - Lund and Freeston ture of 72oC. A geothermal demonstration district heating plant is being constructed at Klaipeda in cooperation with a Danish firm (Mahler, 2000). Two production and two injection wells have already been drilled. The plant will produce 49.7 MWt (20.9 MWt from geothermal) from 500 to 700 m3/h of 38oC water and should be completed by the end of 1999. A second district heating plant is being proposed by a German firm which will extract 6.1 MWt from up to 150 m3/h of 49oC water. Geothermal heat pumps are also being used in several locations. The installed capacity is 21.0 MWt and the annual energy use is 598.8 TJ. Macedonia: The country has over a 30-year tradition in geothermal energy utilization (Dimitrov et al., 2000). Today, about 15 geothermal projects are in operation or under development. Four of these are of major importance and have a general influence on the development of direct application of geothermal energy in the country. The most important are the Kocani project, the agricultural project at Gevgelija and Vinica, and the intergrated project at Bansko. The Kocani project consists of 18 ha of glasshouses, a rice-drying plant, and due to a successful new borehole, use of the energy is made in the paper industry, a factory for vehicle parts production, and the heating of dwellings. At Gevgelija 22.5 ha of glass houses are heated at one location, and a balneological project supplying a hotel complex with sanitary and spa water from a second location. The project at Vinica of supplying heat to 6 ha of glasshouses is not finished due to problems with corrosion of the pipes. At Bansko, a 2.2 ha greenhouse is heated, and the building, sanitary water and pool at the Car Samoil Hotel are heated with spring water. Future use include the continued injection of used thermal water, modernization and rehabilitation of old fashioned greenhouses and increasing the number of dwellings heated by geothermal energy. The installed capacity is 107.4 MWt and the annual energy use is 509.6 TJ. Netherlands: No new report was presented; however, a geothermal heat pumps program was initiated in 1995, which was intended to achieve a saving of conventional energy of 5-10 PJ in 2000 and 50 PJ in 2010 (Walter, 1995). In 1997 it was estimated that 900 heat pumps were installed (Rybach and Sa nner, 1999). This estimate gives an installed capacity of 10.8 MWt and an annual energy use of 57.4 TJ. Norway: No country update report was available from Norway; however, an estimate of the number of geothermal heat pump installations from 1993 to 1996 is made in Rybach and Sanner (1999). They estimate 4,000 total units of all kinds installed of which 8% or 320 are ground-source units. Extrapolating to th e end of 1999, this gives an estimated 500 units with 6.0 MWt capacity and 31.9 TJ/yr. Poland: The country is characterized by large low-enthalpy resources connected with three extensive sedimentary geothermal provinces covering about 80% of the country (Ke pinska, et al., 2000). Geothermal energy use has been concentrated in space heating and balneology/bathing, while other uses such as greenhouse heating, fish farming, and timber drying are on an experimental scale. In 1999 two heating plants went on line in the Podhale Region and Pyrzyce town. A third plant in Mszczonow town went on line in 1999. At Podhale the 13PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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