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Lund and Freeston plant serves 220 houses and the water is then cascaded for timber drying, greenhouse heating, fish farming, plant growing in heated soil and for space and domestic hot water heating at the PAS MEERI Geothermal Laboratory. By 2001-2002 geothermal heat will be delivered to about 4,400 customers in Zakopane. The Pyrzyce plant, opened in 1996, serves 12,000 customers. This system replaces a 20,000-tonne/yr coal fired plant. Geothermal is also planned to be used from recreation and agriculture. The Mszczonow plant is the most advanced of all the geothermal plants, supplying heat and drinking water for about 6,000 people. In 1999, eight spas used 20-60oC waters from springs or wells for balneology and bathing. In addition, CO2, iodine-bromine for medical purposes and cosmetic salts are also extracted from geothermal waters. During the last several years, there has been increased interest in geothermal heat pumps. Two large sized units (20.4 MWt) are used in th e Pyrzyce plant and a small unit uses ventilation air from a underground coal mine in Upper Silesia. In 1999 over 4000 ground-source and groundwater heat pumps were on line. The installed capacity is 68.5 MWt of which 26.2 MWt is from heat pumps, and the annual energy use is 274.7 TJ of which 108.3 TJ is from heat pumps. Portugal: On the mainland in the northern part of the country, Chaves and S. Pedro do Sul springs have the highest temperature of 76o and 69oC respectively (Aires-Barros and Marques, 2000). They are used for space heating, greenhouse heat, bathing and swimming. The municipal swimming pool at Chaves has been in operation since 1982 and uses water fro m a 150-m deep well. The water is also used for space heatin g and domestic hot water. At S. Pedro do Sul the spring wate r is used at the local spas for bathing and swimming, with 20, 000 visitors in 1998, for heating a 2 ha greenhouse, and for he ating local hotels. Near Lisbon, a 1,500-m deep well with water temperature of 53oC is used to heat the Air Force Hospital since 1992. At São Miguel Island in the Azores, six small greenhouses covering about 200 m2 have been constructed. Experimental crops such as cape gooseberry, melon and pineapples are grown here. The greenhouses use waste water from a nearby geothermal power plant. The installed capacity is 5.47 MWt and the estimated annual energy use is 35.1 TJ. Romania: There are over 200 wells drilled with depths between 800 and 3,500 m, that encountered geothermal resources at temperatures from 40 to 120oC (Cohut and Bendea, 2000). These wells have a total thermal capacity of about 480 MWt, of which 96 wells are used (of which 35 wells are used for balneology and bathing), producing water with temperatures from 45 to 115oC. The main geothermal resources are in the northwest around Oradea (including Bors and the Western Plains) accounting for the majority of the use, in the Olt Valley in central Romania and just north of Bucharest. The main direct uses of geothermal energy are: space and district heating 35%, bathing 30%, greenhouse heating 23%, industrial process heat 7%, and fish farming and animal husbandry 2%. During the past five years 14 wells were drilled. Due to the problems with the local economy, only three new geothermal projects were completed, one for direct use and two for bathing and swimming. Today there are 38 “geothermal localities” using the 96 wells. The total capacity is 152.4 MWt with an annual energy use of 2870.7 TJ. Serbia: There are four geothermal provinces in the country with more than eighty low enthalpy systems, the most important of which is located at the south edge of the Pannonian Basin in the north (Milivojevic and Martinovic, 2000). Geothermal energ y is being utilized for balneological purposes, in agriculture and for space heating with heat exchangers and heat pumps. There are 59 thermal water spas used for balneology, sports and recreations and as tourist centers. Certain archeological evidence indicates similar uses by the ancient Romans in some of the same localities. These waters are also bottled by nine mineral water bottling companies. In the Pannonian Basin, thermal water is used from 23 wells, two for greenhouse heating, three for heating pig farms, two for industrial process in leather and textile factories, three for space heating, and 13 for spas and for sport and recreation facilities. Outside of the Basin geothermal energy is used to heat greenhouses, a poultry farm , a textile workshop, in the carpet industry, for drying wheat and other cereals, and for spas and a hotels. The installed capacity is 80.0 MWt of which 6.0 MWt is for heat pumps, and the annual energy use is 2375 TJ of which 40 TJ is for heat pumps. Slovak Republic: The distribution of geothermal aquifers occur in 26 prospective areas and structures with the potential for exploitation (Fendek and Franko, 2000). These aquifers lie at depths of 200 to 5000 m and the waters have temperatures between 20 and 240oC with a potential of 5,538 MWt. Prospecting and exploration have been carried out in 14 of these areas. Geothermal water is used in 13 agricultural farms (greenhouse heating and soil heating), in four localities for heating of service buildings, in one locality for sport hall heating, in two localities for fish farming, in one locality for restaurant heating and on 30 localities for recreational purposes (bathing and swimming). The total areas covered by greenhouses is about 27.4 ha. The first geothermal heating plant with a capacity of 8 MWt was put on line in Galanta in 1996. This system provides heat and hot water to 1236 flats and a hospital. Another large use is at Podhajska where the first geothermal doublet was drilled in the country. The geothermal water is used to heat a hotel, administrative buildings, greenhouses and swimming pools. A third large energy use is at Besenova in the Liptov Basin where a hotel, greenhouses and swimming pools are heated. Future geothermal energy utilization projects and being undertaken in Kosice, Poprad, L iptov, Skorusina and Ziar basins. The total installed capacity is 132.3 MWt of which 1.4 MWt is for heat pumps, and the annual energy use is 2118.3 TJ of which 12.1 TJ is for heat pumps. Slovenia: The main use of geothermal energy is for space heating and for bathing and swimming (including balneology), the latter began on a large scale over 40 years ago (Kralj and Rajver, 2000). Other uses include greenhouse heating, industrial applications and the use of heat pumps. Space heating including domestic hot water, the largest geothermal use, is mostly implemented at spas. At Murska Sobota 300 dwellings are heated through heat exchangers. The second high use in Slovenia is for bathing and swimming. There are 24 thermal spas and recreation centers where swimming pools with a surface area of about 29,600 m2 are heated directly or indirectl y 14PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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