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through heat exchangers and heat pumps. Most are located o utside. The total area of greenhouses is 4.5 ha which are locat ed at Catez. Flowers are grown for the domestic market. The industrial applications include heat for the leather industry at Vrhnika, and for cooling at a cement works and heating a swi mming pool at Trbovlje. Geothermal heat pumps are used at s even thermal spas and/or recreation centers for swimming poo ls and space heating. Most are groundwater units (around 56) and less than 10 are ground-coupled units. The installed cap acity is 42.0 MWt which includes 2.6 MWt for heat pumps, a nd the annual energy use is 704.6 TJ of which 46.8 is for heat pumps. Sweden: No country update report was received from Sweden. However, based on their WGC’95 report (Alm and Bjelm, 1995) the only energy use is from geothermal heat pumps in the Scania area of southwestern Sweden. At that time a large plant near the city of Lund had been operating since 1986. The installed capacity was 47 MWt and the annual energy use 960.2 TJ. More recently (1998) an estimate of the number of individual heat pumps in operation is reported at about 55,000 with a thermal capacity of 330 MW (Rybach and Sanner, 1999). A particular success story can be told of Strömstad, a town of 6,000 about 200 km north of Gothenburg. The rocky subsoil is not suited for district heating, and thus 140 ground-source heat pumps with a total of 400 borehole heat exchangers have been installed for heating of houses and apartment for 3,000 people (Sanner and Hellström,1998). The improvement of air quality in winter was reported to be significant. The estimated annual use of the 55,000 units is then 3,168 TJ (based on 4,000 full load hours per year and a COP = 3.0). This then gives a total of 377 MWt and 4,128 TJ/yr. Switzerland: Geothermal direct-use developed rapidly over the last five years (Rybach, et al., 2000). The increase is due mainly to geothermal heat pumps, with about 21,000 borehole heat exchanger/heat pump systems installed in the country, mainly for single family dwellings and smaller building complexes. In addition, novel solutions like combined heat extraction/storage, energy piles and tunnel water are used and are supported by government aid. Thus, the Swiss mix of geothermal use has two main components: 1) shallow resource utilization through horizontal coils and borehole heat exchangers, foundation piles and groundwater wells, and 2) use of deep resources - deep borehole heat exchangers, aquifer use by single and doublet systems, and tunnel water. Heat pumps are the key components in practically all these utilization schemes. There are 17 locations where spas use geothermal well water for balneology, space heating and heating nearby hospitals. A successful drilling to tap deep aquifers is at Riehen where heat is used in a district heating network which has also be extended to the neighboring community of Lörrach in Germany, thus providing the first example of a trans-boundary geothermal use. Warm tunnel water, frequently encountered during construction, is used at four sites for space heating and domestic warm-water productions. Future work, supported by the Swiss Government, include research and promotion of pilot and demonstration facilities including experimental and theoretical work with borehole heat exchangers and deep heat mining. The later projects aims at producing electricity and/or heat by the hot dry rock technology between 2005 and 2010. The installe d Lund and Freeston capacity is about 550 MWt of which 500 MWt is fro m geothermal heat pumps, and the annual energy production is about 2,400 TJ of which 1,980 is from heat pumps. Annual growth for heat pumps is estimated at 15%. United Kingdom: There is a large scale district heating projects in the UK at Southampton and a greenhouse project at Penry n (Batchelor, 1995). At Southampton a direct-use low enthalpy project provides district heating from the Sherwood Sandstone aquifer at 76oC from a depth of approximately 1,800 m. The1987 project provides heat to the new Western Esplanade district in the center of town including a shopping center, offices, hotel and central baths. Geothermal energy provides 87% of the heat requirements and covers daily fluctuations in demand by means of storage tanks. A coal fired boiler provides back-up. The single geothermal well produces 10 to 15 L/s at sustained rates, and 20 L/s peak. The spent water is discharged into a nearby estuary through a main storm water sewer. The annual savings are 1,500 to 2,000 TOE and corresponding payback in approximately 14 year. The estimated capacity is 2.18 MWt and the annual energy use 17.17 TJ. Using other sources of energy, a combined heat and power generator and absorption heat pumps have been added in recent years and the system extended to other customers (Smith, 2000). At Penryn a 5.5 ha greenhouse project by Gabbons Nursery uses 22oC water for the hydroponic cultivation of tomatoes. A well, 275 m deep produces 5 kg/s water from Paleozoic rocks. The pro ject has run profitably for 13 years with an estimated installed capacity of 0.10 MWt and annual use of 0.82 TJ.. Geothermal heat pumps are found in both Scotland and England (Curtis, 2000). Approximately 25 houses used ground-coupled systems with a capacity of 62.5 kWt and annual use of 0.27 TJ in Scotland. In England there are approximately 15 domestic installations totaling 120 kWt and annual use of 0.52 TJ. There are also about nine commercial installations totaling 450kWt and annual use of 1.94 TJ. Closed loop systems are expected to grow in the UK. Direct use of open loop systems mainly for cooling is also expected to grow to counteract the rising water table in some cities such as London. The total installed capacity in the UK is then 2.91 MWt and annual use of 20.72 TJ of which 0.63 MWt and 2.73 TJ is due to geothermal heat pumps. The historic Roman spa at Bath is being renovated and will be open to the public in 2001 using the naturally occurring thermal springs for bathing. Commonwealth of Independent States Armenia: Since Armenia does not have any considerable fossil fuel resources and little hydro-electric potential it has become necessary to assess the geothermal resources of the country, B adalyan (2000) High heat flow values of 38 to 157 mW/m2, ha ve been estimated from 90 locations about the country. The highest numbers were measured in the central part of the country where thermal springs occur. It is found that a substantial part of the heat flow anomaly is caused by local heat sources at shallow depth. Silica geothermometer estimates of reservoir temperatures range from 400C to 1600C. The eastern volcanic belt is thought to be the main area of geothermal potential where both dry and hydrothermal resources are expected. 15PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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