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Lund and Freeston Belarus: Although there is no paper at this conference, it worth recording that there is geothermal energy potential, particular for low temperature use Zui and Levashkevich (1999). There are no known high enthalpy fields but temperatures up to 1100C at depths up to 5 km in the areas known as the Brest depression and the Pripyat Trough in the south east of the country have been measured. A number of shallow and deep boreholes have been drilled by drilling companies which has enabled temperature logs and heat flow measurements to be made. Georgia: Buchachdize et al. (2000) reviews the status and future use of geothermal fluids in Georgia. In the South Caucasus and in particular Georgia, there is intensive use of geothermal energy. As of 1998 the confirmed total reserves are 90,000 m3/day which has a heat potential of 500,000 tonnes of equivalent fuel (TEF) annually. The field at Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, is described as an example of the efficient use of energy and demonstrates that geothermal is cheaper and environmentally friendly for these conditions. The tables indicate that there is 350 MWt installed with an annual energy use of 9,986 TJ; however, this figure was reduced as the former numbers were based on a discharge temperature of 25oC for all installations giving the difference between inlet and outlet of as high as 83oC. Using instead a 40oC temperature change between inlet and outlet and a capacity factor of 0.8, a rounded figure of 250 MWt and 6,307 TJ/yr are used in this report summary. The maximum flow rate was also revised to 894 kg/s. In the period 1995-1999, 224 man years of effort and 1 million US$ have been spent from mainly private funds. Russia: Space heating (110 MWt) and greenhouse heating (160 MWt) dominate the direct-use scene in Russia, Kononov et al. (2000). Six towns and a number of settlements in the Northern Caucasus and Kamchatka, with a total population of about 220,000, use geothermal energy for space and district heating. Several greenhouses with a total area of 465,000 m2 in the same area also geothermal fluids for heating. Besides Kamchatka and Northern Caucasus, the Western Siberian plate is a promising region for direct use applications. The aquifers located down to 3 km, in this region have a high hydrostatic pressure, temperatures of 35-750C and capable of producing about 180 m3/s. These waters serve some small settlements for space heating and on a small scale are used to assist in the recovery of oil, extraction of iodine and bromide and for fish farming. The region is rich in natural gas which has limited the geothermal development. Heat pumps are at an early stage of development in Russia. An experimental facility in early 1999 was conducted in the Philippovo settlement of Yaroslavl district. The heat source is supplying 5-60C to eight heat pumps which are heating the water up to 60oC supplying a 160-pupil school building. An aquatic park and water heating using heat pumps is planned in Moscow. Geothermal R& D is carried out in 14 cities of Russia where research centers unite the laboratories from 26 scientific institutes, 3 universities and 5 project bureaus. The Russian Academy of Sciences coordinates this research. The paper by Povarov (2000) adds information and detail of the country resources also mentions over a hundred heat pump applications in Siberia and Kamchatka is made but no details are given Ukraine: Shuchkov, A. et al. (2000) discuss the possibility of utilizing the geothermal fluids discovered in a number of regions across the Ukraine. It is estimated that the commercially viable resources are about 20 to 30 million cu.m/day of waters with temperatures higher than 600C. The major emphasis appears to be on co-generation plants and mention is made of the use of fluid for the supply of heat to residential, industrial and agricultural buildings on a small scale within the range 0.5 to 6 MWt Some estimates of cost are included. A geothermal heating system in the range 1.2 to 6 MWt range, would cost installed from 270 USD to 700 USD for 1kW of installed power. The output cost for the same range is estimated at 16 USD to 26 USD for 1 MWh of energy, including all costs. Sensitivity of the numbers to fluid temperature and scale of project is demonstrated. Oceania Australia: Burns et al. (2000) report on Hydrothermal Power production centered in the great Artesian basin serving local communities. The basin in its lower part has permeable sediments, which are the intake beds for surface waters in a humid part of Queensland. The water moves slowly westward for 1500 to 1600 km and after about 2 million years emerges naturally in mound springs in the desert. About half of the natural recharge is tapped by 3,100 flowing artesian bores and over 35,000 non-flowing. In some regions the water at the surface reaches 1000C. For pastoral reasons the water is cooled and distributed by bore drains which are often tens of kilometers long, and may reach 90 km. Small homemade power plants used bore pressures to drive simple turbines to produce electricity for homesteads. They gradually became obsolete and only 20 or so survive. Two small ORC power plants are currently in operation which were first reported in Burns et al. (1995). These are at Mulka (10 kWe) in South Australia and Birdsville Queensland. (39 kWe). They both use fluid from old wells which produce water from 1200-1300 m. Both plants have undergone major refurbishment since first reported. Hydrothermal direct use continues in the Otway Basin of western Victoria, in a district heating system fully described in Burns et al. (1995). It uses 65 l/s of 580C water from 1400 m and its current annual energy use is 271.2 TJ/yr. In addition, the system supports a 2000 m3 municipal pool giving a total energy use for the Portland system of 293.8 TJ/yr. There are numerous hot water pools around Australia developed for bathing by local government and tourist resorts or undeveloped, which draw water from natural hot springs but no information on heat production is available. A new development to build a hot water spa on the Mornington peninsular on the eastern part of the O tway Basin, was approved in 1999. It will use 500C water fro m a depth of 534 m. The paper plant near Traralgon in the Gi ppsland Basin of Victoria, reported by Burns et al. (1995) whi ch used 680C water from two wells 600 m deep has ceased operation because of dewatering of the region due to the expansion of brown coal mining operations. 16PDF Image | WORLD-WIDE DIRECT USES OF GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
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