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diagram (fig. 1), in which the degree of geologic assurance regarding resources is set along the horizontal axis and the economic feasibility (effectively equivalent to depth) is set along the vertical axis (Muffler and Cataldi, 1978). USGS geothermal assessments consider both identified and undiscovered systems and define the “resource” as that portion of the accessible resource base that can be recovered as useful heat under current and potential economic and technological conditions. Similarly, the “reserve” is the identified portion of the resource that can be recovered economically using existing technology. Within this framework, identified hydrothermal systems are divided into three temperature classes: low-temperature (<90oC), moderate-temperature (90 to 150oC), and high-temperature (>150oC). High-temperature systems include both liquid- and vapor- dominated resources. Moderate-temperature systems are almost exclusively liquid- dominated, and all low-temperature systems are liquid-dominated. All three temperature classes are suitable for direct use applications, but in general only moderate- and high- temperature systems are viable for electric power generation. Systems at the upper end of the low-temperature range can be exploited for electric power generation if sufficiently low temperatures are available for cooling the working fluid in a binary power plant. These conditions are found at Chena Hot Springs in Alaska (Holdman, 2006). In the new USGS geothermal assessment, identified geothermal systems are also categorized as producing (the reservoir is currently generating electric power), confirmed (the reservoir has been evaluated with a successful commercial flow test of a production well), and potential (there are reliable estimates of temperature and volume for the reservoir but no successful well tests to date). Reservoir thermal energy and electric power production potential are estimated for all producing, confirmed, and potential geothermal systems above 90oC in the contiguous United States and Hawaii, and above 75oC in Alaska. The Volume Method An important component of geothermal resource assessment methodology is the development of geothermal resource models consistent with the production histories of exploited geothermal fields. The primary method applied in past USGS assessments for evaluating the production potential of identified geothermal systems was the volume method (Nathenson, 1975; White and Williams, 1975; Muffler and Cataldi, 1978; Muffler, 1979), in which the recoverable heat is estimated from the thermal energy available in a reservoir of uniformly porous and permeable rock using a thermal recovery factor, Rg, for the producible fraction of a reservoir’s thermal energy. These studies established the volume method as the standard approach, and recent assessments of geothermal resources in parts of the United States rely on modified versions of the USGS volume method (for example, Lovekin, 2004). The basics of the volume method have been discussed in detail (Nathenson, 1975; Muffler and Cataldi, 1978; Muffler, 1979; 3PDF Image | Assessment of Identified Geothermal Resources
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