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From estimates of Rg and measurements of reservoir volume and properties, the exergy, E, (DiPippo, 2005), referred to as the available work, WA, in Circular 790, for a geothermal reservoir can be determined as Em [h hT(s s)], (4) WH WH 0 0 WH 0 where sWH is the entropy of the produced fluid and s0 is the entropy at the reference temperature. In the actual implementation of this approach the mean values for the input variables are replaced with a range of values corresponding to estimated uncertainties, and these values are then used in Monte Carlo simulations to define the reservoir properties and productivity, along with the associated uncertainties (for example, Muffler, 1979; Lovekin, 2004; Williams and Reed, 2007). The electric energy,We , for a given period of time (typically 30 years) is then determined through multiplying the exergy over the same period of time by a utilization efficiency, u, which is generally well-constrained for a reservoir of a specified fluid state and temperature (Muffler and others, 1979). For power generation above 150°C, Muffler and others (1979) used a constant value for u of 0.4 down to the minimum reservoir temperature for electric power production of 150oC. Lovekin (2004) increased this to 0.45. A compilation of u for existing geothermal power plants producing from liquid-dominated systems over a wide range of temperatures confirms u equal to approximately 0.4 above 175°C (fig. 2). There is a linear decline in u below 175°C as reservoir temperatures approach the reference state in binary power plant operations. In the new assessment the 150oC lower limit is revised downward to include binary power production from moderate-temperature systems. Developments in binary power plant technology have led to electric power generation from systems with temperatures as low as 94oC in the lower 48 states (Amedee, California) and 75oC in Alaska (Chena Hot Springs), and production from lower temperatures is possible, if not always economically viable at the present time. For geothermal systems in the contiguous United States and Hawaii, the lower limit for electric power generation is set at 90oC, but for Alaska the assessment includes potential power generation from systems with temperatures as low as 75oC, due to the availability of near-freezing cooling water at many sites. Temperature and Chemical Geothermometers Geothermal reservoir temperatures can be determined from in situ measurements in exploration and production wells where available. In order to characterize the thermal state of a geothermal reservoir when in situ temperature measurements are not available, chemical geothermometers can be applied as proxies. The calculation of chemical geothermometers rests on the assumption that some relationship between chemical or We Eu (5) 5PDF Image | Assessment of Identified Geothermal Resources
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