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US 2010/0000876A1 Jan.7,2010 [0045] Throughoutthedescriptionsofhydrogenproduc tionsystems100,200,and400,acylindricaltube,tube120, 250,and420,isusedtocapturehydrogenformedaroundthe cathodeanddirectthehydrogenoutofthesystems.ItWillbe [0050] Anexampleofanelectromagneticmeanstocause clear to one skilled in the art that tubes 120, 250, and 450 can bereplacedbyanymeanstocaptureanddirectthehydrogen. Suchmeans include,butarenotlimitedto,tubesandsimilarly shaped conduits, membrane ?ltering, diffusive evaporation, differential pressures, and channeling solution ?oW. Embodiments of Cavitation Sub-System [0046] Throughoutthedescriptionsofhydrogenproduc tionsystems100,200,and400,transducers140,240,and440 are used to produce acoustic energy Waves 144, 244, and 442 Which cause cavitation Within solution 160. ItWill be clear to one skilledinthe artthattransducers 140, 240, and 440 can be replaced by any means for generating cavitation. Such means forcreatingcavitationinclude,butarenotlimitedto,acoustic means, mechanical means, hydrodynamic means, electro magnetic means, and ioniZing radiation means. [0047] FIGS.1,2and4shoWembodimentsofthepresent invention Where the cavitation is produced by a speci?c acoustic means, namely, by using a transducer to pass acous tic energy Waves through solution 160. HoWever, other acous tic means can be used to produce the cavitation. It Will be understood by one having skill in the art that such acoustic means includes, but is not limited to, transducers, micro phones,andspeakers. cavitationWithinthehydrogenproductionsystems100,200, and400includes,butisnotlimitedto,alaserbeam directed to pass into solution 160 so as to produce a shock Wave that causescavitationWithinsolution160.ItWillbeunderstoodby those having skill in the art that other electromagnetic means can be used to produce cavitation. Such electromagnetic means include, but are not limited to, a laser beam, x-rays, gamma rays, high speed electrons, electric arc, magnetic compression,plasmageneration,andelectromagneticradia tion arising from any type of electron or proton reaction. [0051] Finally,anexampleofanioniZingradiationmeans to cause cavitation Within the hydrogen production systems 100,200,and400includes,butisnotlimitedto,passinghigh energy protons into solution 160 Where cavitation is formed aroundtheprotons.Generally,ioniZingradiationisanyradia tion that is capable of removing an electron from a chemical bond.Therefore,itWillbeunderstoodbythosehavingskillin theartthatsuchioniZingradiationmeans include,butarenot limitedto,alelectromagneticradiationgreaterinenergythan ultraviolet radiation and high energy particles such as pho tons,protons,neutrons,andchargedandunchargednuclei. [0052] Throughoutthedescriptionsofhydrogenproduc tionsystems100,200,and400,asWellastheexamplesofthe various means of causing cavitation, cavitation is said to occur Within solution 160. It Will be understood by those havingskillintheartthatcausingcavitation“Within”solution 160 means causing cavitation Within the electrolytic Zone. production of hydrogen according to the present invention. Solution factors 710 are the major factors affecting solution 160. These solutions factors include a solvent and solute. As previouslydescribed,thesolventisWateroranotheraqueous solutioncontaininghydrogen.The soluteisachemicalcom pound, such as acid (such as H1 or HCI), base (NaOH), or salt (such as Kl or Nal), and is held at a particular density per volume ofsolventinordertomaximiZe theelectricalconduc tivity of the solution. The solution has a particular pH, and it is held at a particular temperature and pressure, Whether in hydrogen production system 100, 200, or 400, to minimiZe the energy required to break the chemical bonds of the sol vent. Finally, the solution has a particular ionic and covalent state(chemicalpotential). [0054] PoWerfactors720arethemajorfactorsaffectingthe deliveryofpoWertocathodes130,234,and430,andanodes 132, 230, and 403. ItWill be readily apparent to one skilled in the art that the poWer factors 720 include voltage applied, current applied, and total poWer applied. Additionally, although hydrogen production systems 100, 200, and 400 havebeenshoWnWithasinglecathodeandsingleanode,itis apparent to one skilled in the art that the number of voltage/ currentapplicationspointscanbeincreasedWithoutaffecting the spirit and scope of the present invention. LikeWise it is apparent to one skilled in the art that the siZes and shapes of cathodes 130, 234, and 430 and anodes 132, 230, and 403 can change Without affecting the spirit and scope of the present invention. Finally, it is apparent to one skilled in the art that poWersupplies110,210,and410canbeanypoWerproducing device, such as a battery, solar panel, or fuel cell. [0055] MaterialCompositionfactors730arethemajorfac tors affecting the materials of the hydrogen production sys [0048] Anexampleofamechanicalmeanstocausecavita tionWithinhydrogenproductionsystems100,200,and400 [0053] FIG.7isadiagramofthemajorfactorsaffectingthe includes, but is not limited to, a propeller system contained Within container apparatus 102, 202, and 402, Which causes cavitation as the propeller spins on its axis. FIG. 5 shoWs a cross sectional vieW of such a propeller system. As shoWn, propeller blades 520 spin about the axis of propeller system 510 causing cavitation to be produced in solution 160. Pro pellersystem510maybepoWeredbypoWersource110,210, or 410. ItWill be understood by one having skill in the artthat other mechanical means can be used to produce the cavita tion.Suchmechanicalmeans include,butarenotlimitedto,a propellersystem,pistons,shocktubes,andlightgasguns. [0049] Anexampleofahydrodynamicmeanstocause cavitationWithinhydrogenproductionsystems100,200,and 400 includes, but is not limited to, the injection of a com pressedgas,forexample,compressedair,intocontainer apparatus 102, 202, and 402 to cause cavitation. FIG. 6 shoWs a cross sectional vieW of such a compressed gas injection system. As shoWn, compressed gas injection system 610 is a?ixed to container apparatus 102, 202, or 402. Compressed gas travels (indicated by arroWs 640) from a compressor (not shoWn)throughtube630tocompressedgasinjectionsystem 610. The compressed gas ?oWs through tubes 620 and is introduced into solution 160 as bubbles, i.e. cavitation. In one embodiment, compressed gas injection system 610 may be separated from solution 160 by a porous membrane that per mitsthetransferofthecompressedgasthroughthemembrane While preventing solution 160 from entering compressed air system610.An exampleofsuchamembraneisGore-Tex.It Will be understood by those having skill in the art that other hydrodynamic means can be used to produce the cavitation. Such hydrodynamic means include, but are not limited to, a compressed gas injector system and any device capable of transferring momentum into solution 160 Without transfer ring mass into solution 160, for example, a shock plate or paintshaker.PDF Image | CAVIATION ASSISTED SONO CHEMICAL H2 PRODUCTION SYSTEM
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