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US 2010/0000876A1 Jan.7,2010 tems 100, 200, and 400. The materials comprising cathodes 130, 234, and 430, and anodes 132, 230, and 403 are selected to maximize electrical conductivity. Such materials include, but are not limited to, metals such as copper, platinum, and highordernon-linearcrystalsincluding,butnotlimitedto, 200,and400asrepresentedbypoWersupplies110,210,and lithium niobate and lithium tantalate. [0056] Thecatalyticfactors740employedtoenhanceand catalyZe the production of hydrogen are the major factors affecting the energy balance Within solution 160. The non energyinputcatalyticfactorsloWeringthenecessaryelectro lytic input energy AEl to AE2 include but are not limited to: (1)processtemperature(asafunctionofAEcav,AE2,partial molar concentrations of species), (2) container properties (composition,shape),(3)solutionproperties(solute/solvent composition [species, concentrations, etc.], pH, chemical potential, pressure, catalytic agents added [supported cata lystsgasessuchasnoblegases,etc.]),(4)electrodeproperties (composition[elemental,isotopic,chemical],shape,micro surface [crystal planes, etc.], macrosurface [holes, edges, etc.],and(5)structureofappliedelectromagnetic?eld[ener giZed,unenergiZed]). [0057] ReferringtoTablel,asetofequationsissetforth shoWing that even in the presence of cavitation, the energy required to perform the electrolysis of solution 160 to pro duce hydrogen is greater than the energy that is produced When thathydrogen isrecombined With oxygen. Thus, itis [0058] ReferringbacktoFIG.7,theenergyinputfactors 750 loWering the electrolytic input energy AEl to AE2 include, but are not limited to: (l) AEother (energy necessary for the temperature control and measurement, mechanical, stiring, etc.),and(2)ABC”(cavitatorproperties[siZe,shape,compo sition],con?guration[number,densityperunitarea/volume, etc.], poWer input [f (V, 1)], acoustic frequency spectrum input, electromagnetic frequency spectrum input). As described above, a cavitator can be any device capable of causingcavitation. [0059] IthasbeenadvantageouslyshoWnthatthefolloWing factorsinoneembodiment,hydrogenproductionsystem400, greatly increase hydrogen production in the present inven tion:(1)theuseofaspeci?cacousticalspectrumtomaximize cavitation in solution 160; (2) the use of sodium or potassium iodide salt in solution 160 to maximiZe the conductivity and chemical potential of solution 160; (3) the dissolution of an effective amount of noble gas into solution 160, such that the noble gas is completely dissolved in the solution, to electro magnetically enhance the production of cavitation thus maxi miZing the generation of hydrogen gasiin the present apparent to one skilled in the art that the teachings described herein are not directed to a perpetual energy device. Rather, because of the net energy loss that results from the electroly sis of solution 160, energy is introduced into systems 100, 410 to drive the electrolysis and catalytic processes. TABLE 1 l Electrolysis(decomposition)ofWaterrequiresenergyinput:AEdEC 2H2O(l)_)2H2(1%)+02(g) AEdec AEdEC/Z=AEl ———>energyconsumedpermoleH2O orH2. 2 Formation of Water requires energy output: AEform 2H2(1%)+02(g)_)2H2O(l) AEform AEfOrm/Z=AE2 —>energyreleasedpermoleH2O ororH2. 3 By theFirstLaW ofThermodynamics, electrolysisisnotfullyreversiblesince theheatandentropylossescannotbe?rllyaccountedfor.Thus,We havethe result: AEl > AE2 alWays. As aresult,theprocessofelectrolysis/Waterreformation,asWellasthe process described herein cannot be termed a “Perpetual Motion (or Energy) Machine” of any kind. 4 The thermodynamic ef?ciency relation 6 = AE2/AE1 x 100% gives a guidetotherelativeef?ciencyoftheelectrolysis/Waterreformationprocess. An eventualef?ciencyof80% ormoreispossible. 5 AE (energyconsumedpermoleH2OorH2todecomposeWatertoH2gas) may berepresentedinthepresentinventionbythequantityAE3,Whichis: AEs =AEeleclrolysis+AEcavitation other Where the electrolysis term represents only the electrical energy input from the electrodes as electrolysis, the cavitation term represents only the electrical energy input from acoustical energy (or any means) to cause or sustain cavitation, and the ‘other’ term represents any energy input for heating, cooling, stirring, or measurement. Here energy is represented as the total energy (power) input as the ?lHCtlOH of current and voltage by Ohm’s LaW. 6 Inthe absence ofcatalytic factors 740, AE ~AE1. However, forthe electrolysis process described herein to be valid, AEelmmlysl-s must be less than AEl: AEr >AEeleclrolysis since the process described herein is a catalytic process Which loWers the necessary energy to form hydrogen gas. Thus, the overall equation is: [A153=Ammoly...+ +ABM] 2 A152 Which requires the value AE3 to approach AE2. Since AEl > AE2 alWays,theequationAEl >AE3 isvalid. 7 Generally, there are tWo kinds of catalytic factors: non-energy input catalytic factors Which are based on no energy input (e.g. electrode materials, con?gurations, etc.); and energy input catalytic factors Which are based on energyinput(e.g.cavitation,heating,cooling,stiring,etc).Examplesofboth kinds of catalytic factors are set forth in catalytic factors 740.PDF Image | CAVIATION ASSISTED SONO CHEMICAL H2 PRODUCTION SYSTEM
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