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US 8,382,886B2 12 CAVITATION PHASE SEPARATORS FOR STEAM-BASED GENERATING SYSTEMS CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS ThepresentUS. PatentApplicationisrelatedtothefol lowingco-pendingUS. PatentApplicationsentitled:ReneW able Energy Electric Generating System; Heat Balancer for Steam-based Generating Systems, Methods for Enhancing E?iciency of Steam-based Generating Systems; and Steam based Electric PoWer Plant Operated on ReneWable Energy. The present and foregoing related patent applications claim priorityfromUS. ProvisionalPatentApplicationNo. 61/090, 092,?ledAug. 19,2008andentitledElectricPoWerGenera tion System UtiliZing Multiple ReneWable Energy Resources, by the same inventors. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 1.FieldoftheInvention The present invention generally relates to electric poWer generation using reneWable sources of energy, and more par ticularly to enhanced uses of Wind or solar energy in combi nationWithgeothermal?uidsoriginatinginhotstrataofthe earth’s mantle as a source of heat for operating steam-driven turbine generators. The system, apparatus, and methods dis closed herein utiliZe Wind or solar generated electricity, hydrogengas,andoptimiZedparametercontroltoexploitthe heat energy available from geothermal ?uids in providing e?icient generation of electric poWer With a very loW carbon footprint and near Zero emissions into the atmosphere. 2.BackgroundoftheInventionandDescriptionofthePrior Art 20 25 30 Inlookingtoothersourcesofenergyforgeneratingelec tricity, particularly reneWable sources, one must keep in kind that there are many variables in the generation and distribu tionofelectricpoWer.Demand peaksandebbsinresponseto temporal and climate cycles. The output of Wind poWered generators as shoWn in FIG. 1 is subject to vide variations in climate conditions. Moreover, the temperature and heat con tent of geothermal ?uidsiprincipally steam, but may also includeWaterandbrinesolutionsofvaryingcompositioni variesWidelyaccordingtogeographicandgeologicaldiver sity, as Well as the depth and suitability of production Wells. While advances are being made in harnessing the extremely abundant solar energy, ine?iciencies and problems of scale continuetochallengedevelopmentefforts. In FIG. 1, there is illustrated in simpli?ed form a conven tionalWind-poWeredelectricgeneratorsystem10thatistypi cal of the prior art. In the system 10, an electric generator 12 isrotatedbyaWind-drivenpropeller14togenerateanelectric voltagethatisconductedtoadistributiongrid16(notshoWn) alongWires18.TheWires18maytypicallybesupportedbya plurality of toWers 20 spaced at substantially uniform dis tancestoconnectthegeneratoroutputtothedistributiongrid 16.InatypicalWindfarm,many suchWindgeneratorsystems 10may beemployed,theiroutputscoupledtothedistribution gridviadirectWires18asshoWnorviaWirestoasubstation (not shoWn, because itisWell knoWn inthe art),Which inturn may be connectedtothedistributiongrid16.The elements of suchaWindpoWergeneratingsystem10anddistributiongrid 16 are Well knoWn and Will not be further described herein. In a basic, prior art electric poWer plant that utiliZes geo thermal ?uids, one example of Which is shoWn in simpli?ed form in FIG. 2, dry steam or high temperature Water from geothermal production Wells is used to drive a steam turbine and electric generator. The geothermal ?uid for use as a Working?uidtodriveaturbinemaybeobtainedfromany deep natural gas, oil, Water, geothermal Well, etc. having suf?cient heat at depth. Note that a Working ?uid in this contextmay beeitheraliquidoravapor(suchasdrysteam). In a dry steam plant, the turbine is driven directly by the geothermalsteam.Ina?ashsteamplant,hightemperature ?uids are ?rst vaporiZed in an expansion chamber at loW pressure and the Water vapor isused as a Working ?uidto drive theturbine.SincemanyproductionWellsproducegeothermal ?uids of moderate temperature, e.g., less than 2000 C., the geothermal?uidmayberoutedthroughtheprimarysideofa closed heat exchanger in a third type of poWer plant called a binary-cyclepoWerplant. In a binary cycle geothermal poWer plant, illustrated in basic form in FIG. 2, a second Working ?uid, such as an organicWorking?uidthatboilsataloWertemperaturethan Water, is conducted through the secondary side of the heat exchanger.A feWexamplesoforganicWorking?uidsinclude ammonia, isopentane, isobutane, etc. Heat from the primary side geothermal ?uid is transferred to the secondary “organic”Working?uidthatisusedtodrivetheturbine.A given geothermal poWer plant may employ one or more tur bine/generator combinations. The output of the generator is connectedtoanelectricitygridfordistributionandthespent Useoftheheatenergyingeothermal?uidssuchasdryor35 Wet steam from deep production Wells into the earth’smantle (“hydrothermal resources,” as described in an article entitled Geothermal Power Stations, by Lucien Y. Bronicki, in the EncyclopediaofPhysicalScienceandTechnology,ThirdEdi tion,2002,RobertA,Meyers,Editor-in-Chief,Volume6,pp.40 709-719.) as a source of heat to drive steam turbine electric generators is an active area for reneWable energy develop ment and research. Conventional approaches endeavor to extract as much heat energy as possible from the geothermal ?uidsbeforereturningthemviainjectiontolocationsbeneath45 the surface of the earth Where the ?uids may reacquire heat energy from the hot rock strata. Conventional electric generating facilities such as natural gas-?redorcoal-?redgeneratorsareofquestionableutilityto meetfutureelectricityneedsbecausetheyburncarbonbased 50 “fossil” fuels and oxygen. In addition to having a large and undesirable carbon “footprint,” such facilities produce as undesirable byproducts carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide, believed to be among the principle contributors to climate changeandairpollution.Inaddition,thesefossilfuelgener 55 ating facilities are expensive to construct. Nuclear-fueled generators, though having a small carbon footprint and loW atmosphericemissions,areextremelyexpensivetobuildand operate,andpresenttheadditionalproblemsofdisposingof steamistypicallyinjectedintotheearthviaaninjectionWell. the nuclear Waste. Nuclear poWer generating plants are also 60 faced With dissipating large amounts of Waste heat. Thus, the prospectsofrelyingonfossilfueledornuclearfueledelectric poWerplantstomeetthefutureelectricityneedsofagroWing populationWithminimal effectsontheearth’senvironmentat areasonablecostareunpromising.NeWWaysofgenerating 65 anddistributingelectricpoWermustbedevelopedandmade availabletothedistributiongrids. The system 30 shoWn in FIG. 2 includes an electric gen erator 32 Whose electric output is coupled to the distribution grid 16 via Wires 34. The generator receives its driving force from the rotating output shaft 38 of a steam driven turbine 36. The steam driven turbine 36, a Well-knoWn structural com ponent,convertshightemperature,highpressuresteamtothe mechanical rotation of its output shaft 38. The steam, also called the Working ?uid, is applied to an inlet 40 of the steamPDF Image | CAVITATION PHASE SEPARATORS FOR STEAM BASED
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