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US 8,382,886B2 78 FIG. 14 illustrates a simpli?ed block diagram of one embodiment of a pollution prevention cold trap according to thepresentinvention;and FIG. 15 illustrates a simpli?ed block diagram of a pro grammable control system for use With the embodiment of FIG. 3. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION The folloWing descriptions, read in conjunction With the foregoing draWings, disclose inventions for a system, appa ratus,andmethods,forgeneratingelectricityforbasethrough peak load conditions using reneWable energy sources. The inventions provide reneWable energy poWer plants that gen erateelectricityWithoutburningcarbon-basedfuelsandWith out emitting harmful chemical compounds into the earth’s atmosphere.Principlefeaturesoftheinventionsinclude: l)Adistributedheatbalancingsystemforgeneratingelectric poWer using geothermal ?uids and hydrogen as Working media,incombinationWithWindorsolarpoWergeneration andelectrolysis; 2)Heatbalancingapparatususingaclosed,herringbonevane heatexchangerinacounter?oWcon?gurationthatemploys steam produced by a hydrogen-?red boiler to transfer its heatenergytoandoptimiZetheheatcontentoftheWorking ?uid or gas; 20 25 heat the boilers uses no carbon based fuels and thus may operate as a closed loop system. In such a system there are Zero carbon emissions into the atmosphere and, in certain locations, Zero emission of the Criteria Air Pollutants recog niZed in the Clean Air Act. Another use of hydrogen is for injection in controlled amounts and temperature into the Working?uidtoboosttheheatenergycontentoftheWorking ?uids or to regulate the density of the steam or gas turbine Working ?uid. Regulating the density of the steam entering the turbine enables matching the turbine output to the load and heat content of the Working ?uid is yet another use. Moreover, theconversionofWind orsolar(orotherreneW ables) energy to electricity may then be used to decompose Water into its constituents hydrogen and oxygen in an elec trolysisplantorelectrolyZer,Whereupontheseparatedgases may then be stored in tanks for later uses. Thus, hydrogen may beusedasastoragemediaforelectricitygeneratedfrom reneWable sources, a principle feature of the present inven tion.The storedhydrogenisveryusefulasafuelforheating Waterinaboiler,formodifyingtheenergydensityofWorking ?uids,forneutraliZingthepH ofsubstancesrecoveredfrom the geothermal ?uids, including the Working ?uids, or for neutraliZingthepH ofWorking?uidsinjectedbackintothe earth.Further,thestorageofhydrogenprovidesthecapacity torespondtovariationsinboththedemandforelectricityand in the supplies of the reneWable energy sources. A furtherprinciplefeatureofthesystemisthatthetem peratureoftheWorking?uidinputtotheturbinesiscarefully balancedusingspeciallyconstructedheatbalancersthatuti liZeheatfromtheboilersfueledbythestoredhydrogengasto supplementandregulatetheheatcontentoftheWorking?uid at the turbine inlets. The system also includes apparatus for separating various materials not chemically bound from the Working?uidsforreuseWithaminimalexpenditureofenergy andZeroemissions.Moreover,thesystemadjustsforvaria tionsinbothgeneratorloadingandenergysourceoutputs.For example, Wind poWer electric generation is subject to Wide variationsinoutputduetoclimateconditions,timeofday,etc. Conversion of the Wind generated electricity to a storable formofenergy(suchasthestoredhydrogen)thatcanbe tapped on demand is provided by the present inventions as Will be described. The Uses ofHydrogen One sourceofhydrogenistousetheelectricpoWergener atedbyreneWableWind-poWeredturbinesasshoWninFIG.1 to generate electricity for use in an electrolysis process to producehydrogengas(SeeFIG.3).Thehydrogenthuspro duced may be readily stored for later use as needed. This provides a clean method of storing the energy derived from WindpoWerforlateruseandforproducinghydrogengasfor use in the geothermal turbine generator system. The oxygen producedintheelectrolysisunitmay alsobestoredforreuse or sold on the commercial market. The design ofthe geother malturbinesystemmay includecompressingandburningthe hydrogengasoutputinamainturbinestacktoproduceelec tricity during peak demand. The Waste heat recovered from the turbine operation may then be directed back to operate both the Rankine Cycle process and the initial geothermal system Without requiring additional heat output from the hydrogenboiler.Theseusesofhydrogenthusmakepossible e?icient increases of generating capacity in response to increaseddemand. Theprimaryuseofhydrogeninthepresentnovelsystemis asfuelfor?ringboilerstogeneratehightemperaturesteamto feedthroughtheheatexchangingstructureintheheatbalanc ers so that the temperatures of the Working ?uids driving the turbinesmay beregulatedatpeakef?ciency.Hydrogenmay 3)A hydrogeninjectionapparatususingrareearthmagneto strictive (REM) valve-controlled capillary tubes to enhance the energy content of the geothermal Working ?uids,directlyregulatethedensityofthesteamdrivingthe30 turbine generators, and to boost the temperature of the Working ?uid being returned via the injection Well to the strataprovidingthegeothermalenergy; 4)A cavitationphaseseparatorapparatusandmethodfor separatinggasconstituentsandothermaterialsnotchemi callyboundfromgeothermal?uids;and 35 5)A computercontrolsystemandmethodforcontrollingthe heatbalancing,hydrogeninjection,andothersystemsina reneWable energy poWer plant to optimiZe the operating e?iciencyofthegeneratingsystemandtobalancethe40 electricity outputs in response to the demand for poWer. Introduction Geothermal energy refers to hot materials obtained from production Wells drilled into hot strata in the Earth’s crust. Thesehotand,incertainlocationsoftheEarth’smantle,very 45 plentiful materials may be steam (dry steam), Water at a temperature above the boiling point (Wet steam), or other ?uidssuchasbrinescontainingmixturesofWater,salts,min erals, or gases. The geothermal ?uids, brines, and gases are generallyhotandundersubstantialpressure.Theterm“geo 50 pressured gas” refers to geothermal gas under pressure in con?ned spaces in the Earth’s crust. The term “geothermal ?uid” is a general term referring to any such geothermal material that is brought to the surface for the purpose of utiliZingitsheatenergyinsomeusefulWay.Thegeothermal 55 ?uid has a temperature corresponding to the depth beloW the surface of the Earth at Which its deposits exist. The average geothermalgradientisapproximately25°C.perKilometerof depth. Thus, the range of depths of interest as sources for the geothermal?uidstobeusedingeothermalpoWerplantsisin 60 the range of 4 to 8 Kilometers beloW the surface of the Earth, providing ?uid temperatures of 100° C. to 2000 C. In the inventions to be described, hydrogen gas, derived from reneWable sources such as Wind poWer generators (or, as itisfurtherdeveloped,solarenergygenerators)isstoredand 65 then used in several Ways. One use is as a fuel for hydrogen ?redboilerstoproducehot,drysteam.BurninghydrogentoPDF Image | CAVITATION PHASE SEPARATORS FOR STEAM BASED
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