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US 2012/0071702A1 Mar.22,2012 CHEMICAL REACTOR SYSTEM AND METHOD USING REGENERATIVE TURBINE PUMP TO PRODUCE FUEL GAS CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION [0001] Thisapplicationclaimsthebene?tofthepriorityof US. ProvisionalApplicationSer.No.61/385,423,?ledSep. 22,2010,andUnitedStatesProvisionalApplicationSer.No. 61/385,392, ?led Sep. 22, 2010, the entire disclosures of Whichareexpresslyincorporatedhereinbyreference. FIELD OF THE INVENTION [0002] Thepresentinventionrelatestochemicalreactors andpump systems andmore speci?callytoachemicalreactor havingaregenerativeturbinepump forproducingfuelgas. BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION [0003] EndothermicsynthesisreactionsconvertWaterand carbon dioxide to a fuel gas mixture containing carbon mon oxide, methane and hydrogen. Such reactions include the reverse Water gas shift, the Sabatier reaction and the Fischer Tropschprocess. [0004] Cavitationcausedbyultrasonicandhydrodynamic equipmentandtechniqueshasbeenusedforcatalysisofmany knoWn and Well de?ned endothermic reaction traditionally implementedWithhightemperature/highpressureprocesses for many years. The advantage of cavitation as a mechanism of chemical catalysis is the effect of high pressure and tem peratures achieved in the domain of effect near the collapsed bubble,therateofheatingbeingsu?icienttostartandsustain reactions in aqueous and other solutions. [0005] Reductionandoxidationsynthesishasbeenimple mented using high pressure/high temperature reactors for decades. More recently, inthe ?eld ofultrasonic sonochem istry, some of these reactions have been duplicated in experi mental con?gurations; the results reported in the literature suggest that sonochemical reduction catalysis, speci?cally hydrolysisresultinginprotonationofcarbondioxideinaque ous solutions, reducing itto carbon monoxide, can be cata lyZed under speci?c conditions using ultrasonic cavitation. Asthismechanismappearseffectiveforreductioncatalysis,it folloWsthatfurtherprotonationusingcavitationaltechniques or methods analogous to cavitational chemical catalysis resultintheproductionofCH4 andotheralkanes. [0006] Implementationofhydrodynamiccavitationand sonochemistry for commercial or industrial scale chemical synthesis has arguably been curtailed by the nature of the mechanism used to catalyZe reactions for these purposesi cavitation.Whilesinglebubblecollapseasachievedinsingle bubble sonoluminescence has been demonstrated as a stable, controlled bubble collapse technique using the methods of ultrasonic cavitation, cavitation as applied in industrial pro cesses almost invariably use multi-bubble cavitation as the catalytic mechanism. This technique, When used at high poWer levels on materials containing carbon dioxide, such as fossil fuel combustion Waste gas streams, surface or pitted Waste Waters, process effluents or seaWater With signi?cant quantities of dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonic acid requirecontinuousmodi?cationofprocessconditionstosus tain economically feasible throughput rates. These types of changestocavitationbasesmechanismaredif?cultasboth ultrasonic and hydrodynamic cavitation require limited and speci?cconditionstoachievethehightemperatureandpres surecollapsecharacteristicsrequiredtosustainproductive ratesofspeci?creactioncatalysis. [0007] Ultrasonicsonochemicalprocessesaredependent on speci?c frequencies, or speci?c ultrasonic Wave genera tion surface or horn travel distances or both. Once these variables are optimiZed in process, changes to reagent com position,ambientpressures,temperature,dissolvedgassesor other solvent or solute properties often immediately destabi liZe the bubble cloud formation and collapse, signi?cantly haltingorsloWingreactioncatalysis,renderingthecontinued applicationofthetechniqueWithoutprocessvariablechanges uneconomic.Adjustmentstofrequencyandamplitudeofthe ultrasonic?elddirectlyaffectthepropertiesofthecreatedand collapsing bubble, changing the resonant frequency. The changes to frequency or amplitude, ambient pressure, tem perature, the amount of carbon dioxide or carbonic acid in solution,orsolutionpH,may resultinconditionsthat,While producingcavitation,producebubblesWithpropertiesofsiZe, resonantfrequencyorcollapseratethatarenotoptimalforthe catalyZing economic reduction of carbon dioxide to alkane fuelgasses.Thislimitationisduetothedependenceofbubble properties on ultrasonic ?eld frequency and amplitude. The bubble properties can be modulated through advanced pro cess control of these process parameters, but only certain frequency and amplitude combinations are effective. As a consequence, reactive closed loop control of chemical syn thesis through reduction based on this mechanism is limited inthescopeofvariation,detrimentallyaffectingtheeconom icsofprocessesusingthismechanism ofreactioncatalysis. [0008] Therearemanyhydrodynamiccavitationimple mentationtechniquesusingavarietyofmethodstomanipu late the formation and collapse of bubbles through pressure and How control. In addition, custom ?ttings and shaped ori?ces and other ?xture based techniques for laminar and other unusual ?oW patterns, With and Without closed loop control,havebeeninusedtoproducecavitationandcatalyZe compositional degradations and synthesis. Hydrodynamic cavitational techniques also suffer from restrictions due to optimal condition requirements similar to ultrasonic cavita tion,Wherevariationincomposition,viscosities,dissolvedor suspendedsolidscontent,dissolvedgassesandotherproper tiesofthesolventorsolutedetrimentallyaffecttheproperties and formation of the clouds of bubbles and their subsequent collapserates,shapesandcharacteristics. [0009] Bothultrasonicandhydrodynamiccavitationalso result in cavitational damage to process circuit elements as conditionsforcontrolledcavitationoftenresultininsipientor other undesirable cavitational effects at or on surfaces or system components, resulting in component Wear, signi? cantlyaffectingprocesseconomics. [0010] CarbondioxideandWaterareoften,bydesign,the ?nalproductsofmany synthesisprocesses.Many industrial activities and process circuits yield carbon dioxide as a prod uct, such as fossil fuel combustion for energy and heating, ironandsteelproduction,cementmanufacturing,naturalgas systems, municipal solidWaste combustion and many others. Recent measurements indicate U.S. production of carbon dioxide in excess of ?ve thousand megatons per year. See US. EPA Website, Climate Change4Greenhouse Gas Emis sions page, http://WWW.epa.gov/climatechange/emissions/ co2_human.html [0011] Carbondioxidereleasedintotheatmosphereunder goesacontinuousprocessofequilibriumexchangesbetWeenPDF Image | CHEMICAL REACTOR SYSTEM AND METHOD REGENERATIVE TURBINE
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