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US 2012/0132538 A1 May 31,2012 electrochemical cell may be con?gured to reduce the tWo carbon intermediate to butanol. [0010] Itistobeunderstoodthatboththeforegoinggeneral descriptionandthefolloWingdetaileddescriptionareexem plaryandexplanatoryonlyandarenotnecessarilyrestrictive of the disclosure as claimed. The accompanying draWings, Which are incorporated in and constitute a part of the speci ?cation, illustrate an embodiment of the disclosure and together With the general description, serve to explain the principlesofthedisclosure. BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS [0011] Thenumerousadvantagesofthepresentdisclosure may be betterunderstood by those skilledinthe artby refer ence to the accompanying ?gures in Which: [0012] FIG.1isablockdiagramofasysteminaccordance With an embodiment of the present disclosure; [0013] FIG.2isablockdiagramofasysteminaccordance With another embodiment of the present disclosure; [0014] FIG.3isaHowdiagramofanexamplemethodof electrochemicalproductionofbutanol;and [0015] FIG.4isaHowdiagramofanotherexamplemethod ofelectrochemicalproductionofbutanol. DETAILED DESCRIPTION [0016] ReferenceWillnoWbemadeindetailtothepres ently preferred embodiments of the present disclosure, examplesofWhichareillustratedintheaccompanyingdraW 1ngs. [0017] In accordance With some embodiments of the presentdisclosure,anelectrochemicalsystemisprovidedthat generally alloWs carbon dioxide and Water to be converted to butanol. In some embodiments, the production of butanol fromcarbondioxideandWatermay occurinaone-stageora tWo-stageprocess.Intheone-stageprocess,butanolmay be producedWithloWyieldsandloWselectivity.InthetWo-stage process, butanol may be produced With improved reaction rates, yield, and selectivity as compared to the direct conver sion of carbon dioxide and Water to butanol in the one-stage process. [0018] Butanol(Whichincludestheisomer2-butanol,also called sec-butanol, and the isomer l-butanol, also called n-butanol) is an industrial chemical used around the World. Industrially, butanol is produced via gas phase chemistry, using oil and natural gas as feedstocks. 2-butanol may be produced via the acid-catalyZed hydration of l-butene or 2-butene, Where l-butene and 2-butene may be obtained via catalyticcrackingofpetroleum. l-butanolmay beproduced via the hydroformylation of propylene to butryaldehyde, Where the butyraldehyde is subsequently hydrogenated to l-butanol. Propylene itselfmay be derived from catalytic cracking of petroleum, Whereas the carboxyl group intro duced via hydroformylation may be from syngas derived from natural gas. In addition to using non-reneWable oil and natural gas as feedstocks, the overall process of industrially synthesiZingbutanolusingcurrenttechniquesrequiresalarge amount of energy, Which generally comes from natural gas. The combustion of natural gas contributes to the concentra tion of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and thus, global climatechange. [0019] Additional production techniques for butanol includeproductionofbutanolviabiologicalpathWays.HoW ever, such biological processes can be resource intensive due to the large amounts of land, fertiliZer, and Water necessary to groW the crops used to sustain fermentation processes. [0020] Insomeembodimentsofthepresentdisclosure,the energy used by the system may be generated from an alter native energy source to avoid generation of additional carbon dioxide through combustion of fossil fuels. In general, the embodimentsfortheproductionofbutanolfromcarbondiox ide and Water do not require oil or natural gas as feedstocks. Some embodiments of the present invention thus relate to environmentallybene?cialmethodsandsystemsforreducing carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas, in the atmosphere thereby leading to the mitigation of global Warming. More over,certainprocesseshereinarepreferredoverexistingelec trochemical processes due to being stable, e?icient, having scalablereactionrates,occurringinWater,andhavingselec tivityofbutanol. [0021] Forelectrochemicalreductions,theelectrodemay be a suitable conductive electrode, such as Al, Au, Ag, C, Cd, Co,Cr,Cu,Cualloys(e.g.,brassandbronZe),Ga,Hg,In,Mo, Nb, Ni, Ni alloys, NiiFe alloys, Sn, Sn alloys, Ti,V, W, Zn, stainlesssteel(SS),austeniticstel,feriticstel,duplexstel, martensitic stel, Nichrome, elgiloy (e.g., CoiNi4Cr), degenerately doped n-Si, degenerately doped n-Si:As and degeneratelydopedn-SizB.Otherconductiveelectrodesmay be implemented to meet the criteria of a particular applica tion.Forphotoelectrochemicalreductions,theelectrodemay be a p-type semiconductor, such as p-GaAs, p-GaP, p-InN, p-InP,p-CdTe,p-GaInP2andp-Si.Othersemiconductorelec trodesmay beimplementedtomeetthecriteriaofaparticular aplication. [0022] Before any embodiments of the invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the embodi mentsmay notbelimitedinapplicationperthedetailsofthe structure or the function as set forth in the folloWing descrip tions or illustrated in the ?gures of the draWing. Different embodiments may be capable of being practiced or carried out in various Ways. Also, it is to be understood that the phraseologyandterminologyusedhereinisforthepurposeof descriptionandshouldnotberegardedaslimiting.Theuseof terms such as “including,” “comprising,” or “having” and variations thereof herein are generally meant to encompass the item listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as Well as additional items. Further, unless otherWise noted, technical terms may be used according to conventional usage. [0023] A useofelectrochemicalorphotoelectrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide and Water, tailored With certain electrocatalysts,may producebutanolinayieldofapproxi mately less than 10% as a relative percentage of carbon containing products, particularly When metallic cathode materials are employed. The reduction of the carbon dioxide may be suitably achieved e?iciently in a divided electro chemicalorphotoelectrochemicalcellinWhich(i)acompart ment contains an anode suitable to oxidiZe or split the Water, and (i) another compartment contains a Working cathode electrode and a catalyst. The compartments may be separated by a porous glass frit, microporous separator, ion exchange membrane, or other ion conducting bridge. Both compart ments generally contain an aqueous solution of an electrolyte. Carbondioxidegasmaybecontinuouslybubbledthroughthe cathodic electrolyte solution to saturate the solution or the solutionmay bepre-saturatedWithcarbondioxide. [0024] Advantageously, the carbon dioxide may be obtained from any source (e.g., an exhaust stream from fossil fuel burning poWer or industrial plants, from geothermal orPDF Image | ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF BUTANOL FROM CO2 and H2O
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