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US 8,268,136B2 34 Dissolveddinitrogengas(N2)causesalgaebloomand?sh PhysicalWaterDisinfection die-off downstream, as Well as “blue baby” syndrome in humans. Nitrogen gas in municipal WasteWater comes from microbial decomposition ofWaste and ammonia, and denitri ?cationofWasteWaterisanimportantstepintreatment.Dini trogen gas extracted from WasteWater may be harmlessly released into the atmosphere, but nitrous oxide (N20) is a very potent greenhouse gas, 296 times Worse than carbon dioxide. OdorantssuchasVOCs andammoniaandorganicpollut antssuchaspharmaceuticalsmay beeffectivelyextractedby crackingthemintoharmlesscompounds.An objectofthe present invention is to provide means for cracking Water pollutants.An advantageofthepresentinventionisthatitmay be applied to voluminous ?oWs, such as municipal WasteWa ter, to crack minute concentrations of pollutants, such as ammonia,hydrogensul?de,andpharmaceuticals. The recogniZed inadequacy of chemicals and membranes has led to increased interest in physical methods for disinfec tion,particularlyultravioletlight,cavitation,andpulsedelec tric ?elds. See S. B. Gupta, “Investigation of a Physical Dis infection Process Based on Pulsed Underwater Corona Discharges,”(September2007)FZKA7336digbib.ubka.uni karlsruhe.de/volltexte/documents/23373.pdf. In the Gupta study, pulsed electric ?elds caused corona discharges from a ceramic-coated anode lying along the axis of a cylindrical Workspace.“ProductionofreactiveoxidantslikeOH radicals andH202,combinedWiththeappearanceofUV radiation, shock Waves, and strong electric ?eld enhances the disinfec tionef?ciency.”Id.at122. Strong electric ?elds cause currents through conductive solutions,suchasarecontainedincells.RuptureofcellWalls by current, or electroporesis, is Well knoWn. See N. I. Leb ovkaetal.,“Thekineticsofinactivationofspheroidalmicro bial cells by pulsed electric ?elds,” arXiv: 0704.2750v1 In any degassing process, it is recogniZed that agitation greatlyaidsgasevolution.Thehighturbulence(Re~106)20 [physics.bio-ph](20Apr.2007). knoWn toexistinvon Karman sWirlingHow may provide excellent agitation for degassing. Providing means for appli cationofvonKarmansWirlingHowtodegassingproblemsis anotherobjectofthepresentinvention. CoolingWaterTreatment An objectofthepresentinventionistoprovideasimple and high-throughput reactor for physical Water disinfection. UV RadiationbyCavitation Collapsingcavitationbubbles emitvisiblebluelight.UV 25 radiationisinthespectrumproducedinWatercavitation, includingUVC (200-280nm),UVB (280-315nm)andUVA (315-400nm).PulsesaresuperiortocontinuousUV light from a lamp because of the high peak poWer that can be achievedinapulse.A nearUV lightsourceismuchmore Under-deposit corrosion in cooling Water pipes causes localiZedpittingandexpensivefailure.Depositscanbefrom calcium carbonate or other scale, from silt,or from microbio logicalfouling.A consequenceofpipedepositsisthatthey providesahomeforcoloniesofmetal-eatingbacteriato30 effective. thrive, and bio?lm causes more deposits to stick inside of pipes. Even stainless steel can be damaged by voracious bacteria. Conventional cooling Water treatment relies on A disadvantageofconventionalultravioletWaterprocess ingisthattheUV lightsourceisasteadilyshiningbulb,not a pulse, and light source is far from the target. Polluted Water ishighlyconductive,andUV ishighfrequency,bothcharac chemicaladditivessuchassulfuricacid,butthesearebecom 35 teristicsWhichincreasepoWerdissipationbetWeenthesource ing hard to obtain and prohibitively expensive. See D. Daniels,Power,v.152,no.9,pp.74-78(September2008).A need exists for non-chemical means for cooling Water treat ment, and the present invention addresses that need. Conventional Water Disinfection andthetarget.AstheenergytravelsbetWeentheUV light source and the target microbe, most of itis absorbed in a feW millimetersbecauseofthesmallskindepthinsuchaconduc tivemedium atsuchahighfrequency.An objectofthepresent 40 inventionistoprovidemeansforlocatingaUV lightsource closetopathogenstosolvetheproblemofpoWerdissipation. Cavitation By thetermdisinfectionismeantthekillingorinactivation of pathogens. WasteWater, or Water supply, may contain pathogens such as Giardia, cryptosporidium, amoebas, bac teria, Worms, snails, and viruses. The terms pathogens and microbesWillbecollectivelyusedhereintorefertoliving45 tinycavitationbubblescollapse.OpinionisdividedWhether contaminants of Water, including viruses. Conventional chemical and ?ltration Water disinfection is too complicated and expensive to be appropriate for use in ?eld Water puri? cation for remote locations such as War Zones or disaster sites. shock Waves from the rebound after cavitation bubble col lapse, or impinging microjets caused by collapse near solid boundaries, is principally responsible for the observed signs offatigue. HoWever, itisknoWn that depth charges destroy MixingofanychemicaldisinfectantintotheWaterdepends 50 submarinesbyanimpingingjetfromcavitationbubblecol onturbulence.Highturbulence(Re~106)isknoWntoexistin von Karman sWirling ?oW. Providing means for application of von Karman sWirling How to means for mixing of disin fectants With Water is another object of the present invention. lapse. On a micro scale, cavitation should have the same effect on Giardia and cryptosporidium cysts as depth charges have on submarines. The local pressures and temperatures produced by cavita Somepathogensareincysts,Whicharehighlyresistantto 55 tion bubble collapse can be literally astronomical. An chemical treatment. The present invention provides an alter native to chemical disinfection. Chlorine, the most common conventionalmeans fordisinfection,isineffectiveagainst cysts of cryptosporidium and Giardia. The futile overdosing ofchlorinetotreatcystsinsWimmingpoolsorinmunicipal 60 bubblecollapsetosynthesiZediamondsonsuspendedlarge Water, in combination With the presence of methane in the Water,producesdisinfectionbyproducts(DBPs)including trichoromethane,commonlyknoWnaschloroform,apossible carcinogen and a regulated pollutant. The maximum alloW ablechloroforminWasteWateris80partsperbillion. The present invention provides a scalable and simple high volume alternativetochemical disinfection. graphiteparticles. Bothmechanicalandelectricalmeans cancausecavitation. Mechanicalmeans includeshearcavitation,jetcavitation, and acoustic cavitation. Electrohydraulic cavitation is pro 65 ducedbypulsedelectric?eldsina?uid. Both shear cavitation and electrohydraulic cavitation are appliedinthepresentinvention.HoWever,thecombinationof Cavitation is a Well-knoWn phenomenon Which can chip boat propellers and spillWays. Crackling may be heard When example of the tremendous poWer of cavitation, on a micro scale,isKhatachatryan, etal.,Diamond andRelatedMateri als17:931-936(2008),Whodiscloseanultrasoundreactorfor diamond synthesis using impinging jets from cavitationPDF Image | ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND SHEAR CAVITATION RADIAL COUNTERFLOW LIQUIDPROCESSOR
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