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US 8,268,136B2 56 these tWo methods is not required, and either alone may be suf?cient to produce disinfection, degassing, crystallization, suspendedmetalagglomeration,andotherdesiredeffectsof cavitation. Shearcavitationshouldbedistinguishedfromacousticand ultrasound induced cavitation. Although both cavitation mechanisms rely on transient pressure drops in the Water to beloW its vapor pressure, shear cavitation is caused by shear, Whereas acoustic cavitation is caused by vibration. Baldas sareetal.US. Pat.No.6,916,418(2005)discloseapointof use Water sterilization device Which uses an ultrasonic trans ducer to nucleate and build cavitation bubbles. It should be noted that the same useful cavitation phenomena (shock Waves,microjets,light,etc.)mayresult,Whateverthecauseof cavitation,andashearcavitationreactormay alsohaveindi rect acoustic driving because of the shock Waves from col lapsingshear-inducedcavitationbubbles. NoW that shear cavitation has been distinguished from acoustic cavitation, a further classi?cation should be made. Shearcavitationmaybeproducedbymovingasurface20 through the Water, such as is seen in the underWater Wake of abullet,orbyjettingtheWaterthroughanori?ce.The latter method, Which Will be referred to herein as jet cavitation, is alsocalledhydrodynamic cavitationintheart.Itmay be seen thatintheformermethod,WhichhereinWillbereferredtoas 25 shearcavitation,themomentum isprincipallyinthesolid surface and momentum transfer is into the ?uid, Whereas in thelater,jetcavitation,themomentum isinthe?uid,and friction With the static surface of a ?oW restriction causes cavitation. It may be noted that acoustic cavitation in an 30 inhomogeneous medium may be considered a species ofjet cavitation because it is the acoustic Wave pulsing ?uid past more inert suspended particles (effectively the static solid surfaceinthiscase)thatcausesvoidstoform.Butitmay also be considered a species of shear cavitation because it is 35 momentum transferfromthevibratingtransducer(themov ing solid surface) Which causes the Water to move. The pur poseoftheforegoingdigressionistodistinguishthepresent inventionoverpriorartrelatingtojetcavitationandacoustic cavitation,andtominimizepotentialconfusionWhichmay 40 arisefromterminology. Whatever causes the shear stress, the Water tears at Weak points in its structure, nucleating a cavitation bubble. Shear inducedvoidsquickly?llWithevolvedgasesandWatervapor, Whichenterthebubblethroughitssurface.Weakpointsare 45 Where inhomogeneous constituents, such as particles or microbes, are present. Once the nucleated bubble reaches its maximum radius(typicallylessthan50micronsduetoambi ent Water pressure restraining the expansion), the vapor con densesandthebubblesuddenlylosesvolumeinanimplosive50 collapse.Attheendofcollapsecomesareboundandanother shockWaveasthebubblebouncesfromitscompressivecycle andexpandsagain.Nearsolidboundaries,suchascellWalls, cavitation bubble collapse causes a penetrating microjet of Waterprojectedattheboundary. 55 In addition to shock Waves and microjets, Which rupture nearby cell Walls, cavitation can also produce reactive spe cies,suchasOH (hydroxyl)radicals,Whichatanoxidation potential of 2.80 V are even more poWerful oxidants than ozone(2.07V).CavitationproduceslightinWavelengths60 from 200-1000 nm, Which includes ultraviolet light. The ultraviolet light from cavitation breaks doWn hydrogen per oxide(H2O2)intomoreOH radicals.SeeGupta,supraHigh turbulence from cavitation shock Wave agitation helps to mix reactive species into the Water for improved sterilization. 65 Crystallization may be assisted by cavitation. See for exampleKozyuketal.,US. Pat.No.7,041,144(2006),Which discloses a crystallizer using jet cavitation in combination With an added anti-solvent for producing small crystals of pharmaceuticals.An objectofthepresentinventionisto provide a shear cavitation reactor for continuous crystalliza tion. For scale-forming compounds, such as calcium carbon ate,theevolutionofcarbondioxideintothecavitationbubble favors precipitation, and the agitation from cavitation col lapseimpelsthenucleatedcrystalsforsecondarycrystalliza tion. Nucleated crystals are accelerated by cavitation shock Waves and gain momentum to become projectiles inthe solu tion, further ripping the Water and causing more cavitation. Some may become bullets Which puncture cell Walls. High momentum overcomes electrostatic repulsion betWeen par ticles and alloWs them to agglomerate by inelastic collisions into clusters Which may be easily ?ltered by suitable means doWnstream of the reactor. Suspended metals as Well are accelerated by cavitation shockWaves,andbecomehighdensitymicrobulletsWhichrip throughtheWaterintheprocessingzone,causingmore shear cavitationandalsokillingpathogens.Acceleratedsuspended metals may agglomerate by inelastic collisions into bigger andbiggerprojectiles. ElectrohydraulicCavitation Coupling electrical energy into Water, to cause electrical currents, can cause vaporization and ionization in the current path, making a bubble. This is called electrohydraulic cavi tation. AllenUS. Pat.No.3,366,564(1968)disclosesanelectro hydraulic batch sterilization process for killing microbes in vaccine.WesleyUS. Pat.No.4,458,153(1984)disclosesan electrohydraulic device for continuous Water sterilization. Coupling of electrical energy may be done by an arc dis charge betWeen oppositely charged electrodes or by a corona dischargefromoneelectrodeintothebulkliquid.A coronais a branched current originating at an electrode, comprising a multitude of streamers. Electric ?elds at propagating streamertipscanbeextremelyhigh(100MV/cm),leadingto rapidbranchingofthestreamerintothebulkliquidasliquid molecules vaporize and ionize in the electric ?eld and more plasma forms to extend the conductive path. Should corona streamers reach the opposite electrode, an arc discharge results. Coronareactorspreventarcingconventionallybykeeping the electrode charging time short, so after the corona forms it is quickly shut off by interrupting the poWer supply. For example, see S. B. Gupta, “Investigation of a Physical Disin fectionProcessBasedonPulsedUnderWaterCoronaDis charges,”(September2007)FZKA 7336digbib.ubka.uni karlsruhe.de/volltexte/documents/23373.pdf. Arcing, if alloWedtodWell,may causehighpoWerdensityontheelec trodes, leading to erosion. The present invention provides an alternativetopulsatilepoWersuppliesforpreventingarcing. To avoid electrode erosion, the arc may be caused to move over the electrode surfaces so that poWer density does not buildbyarcdWelling.ThisisknoWnasaglidingarcdis charge. Gliding arc reactors use mechanical means, rather thantheconventionalelectronicpulsingmeansconnectedto the poWer supply, to interrupt arc dWelling. The present inventionprovidesmeans forapplyingglidingarcdischarges inphysicalWatertreatment. Advantages of Cavitation for Disinfection and Degassing An advantageofusingcavitationfordisinfectionisthat cavitation occurs at Weak spots in the structure of Water, Which happen to be Where the microbes are, so the shockPDF Image | ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND SHEAR CAVITATION RADIAL COUNTERFLOW LIQUIDPROCESSOR
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