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US 8,268,136B2 78 Waves,microjets,andUV lightpulsesproducedbycavitation Will occur very near the targets and therefore Will have a strongeffect. Life-sustaininggasesWithinmicrobevacuolesandoutside cellWallscanbestrippedaWaybyapointsinkofloWpressure nearby. Internal pressure Will burst the pathogen When a nearbyvacuumoccurs.A poWerfultransientpointsinkcanbe provided by cavitation. In this Way cavitation can destroy pathogens by sucking the gas out of them and by outWard burstingofcellWalls.Anotherobjectofthepresentinvention istoprovidemeans forplacingapointsinkneartomicrobes to suck aWay their life-sustaining noncondensible gases. CavitationalonecanalsoproduceOH radicals,Whichare poWerfuloxidants.SeeS.B.Gupta,“InvestigationofaPhysi cal Disinfection Process Based on Pulsed UnderWater Corona Discharges,”(September2007)FZKA7336digbib.ubka.uni karlsruhe.de/volltexte/documents/23373 .pdf.atp. 106 .Addi tionally, cavitation, Whether shear cavitation or electrohy draulic cavitation, deagglomerates bacteria ?ocs, ruptures cellmembranes,reducesWaterturbidity,andenhancesmix ing of reactive chemical species. Id. at 119. Cavitation in combination With electric ?elds caused 3 log reduction of pathogensataspeci?cenergyof13J/cm3.A 6logreduction required only 20 J/cm3 .Id. at 119. The creation of bubbles in cavitation provides surfaces for dissolved gases to evolve, so cavitation should be an impor tant feature of any degassing process. The di?iculty in using cavitationfordegassingisextractingtheevolvedgasesimme diatelysotheydonotremixintothe?uid.An objectofthe presentinventionistoprovidesimplemeansforimmediately extracting evolved gases from cavitation bubbles, by means oforganizedsink?oW infractalturbulence. PulsedElectricFields 20 25 30 electrode is cylindrical. Hayashi shoWs a cold plasma reactor comprisingarotatingdiskelectrodehavingalayerofcatalyst and opposed to a catalyst-coated stationary plate electrode. FeedisperipheraltotheturbulentgapbetWeentheelectrodes. Alternating current at 30-50 kHZ is applied to the Hayashi electrodes to create the plasma, although he says direct cur rent may be used. A reactor for electrolysis comprising an axiallyfedWorkspacebetWeenco-rotatingdiskelectrodesis disclosed by Fleischmann, et al. US. Pat. No. 4,125,439 (1978). Separation of electrolysis products in the Fleis chmann, et al. device is by means of an annular splitter dis posedbetWeentheelectrodes. A disadvantageofconventionalglidingarcreactorsusing alternatingcurrentontheelectrodesistheloWcurrent.PIIZR, WherePispoWerinWatts,Iiscurrentinamperes,andR isthe resistance of the ?uid in ohms. PoWer, Which is the rate of energytransferintothe?uidbetWeentheelectrodes,depends on the square ofthe current, so small current means very small energytransferrate.AnotherdisadvantageofknoWngliding arc reactors is that residence time of feed in the processing Zone betWeen the electrodes is short because the feed must move rapidlyinordertopreventerosionoftheelectrodesby transportingthearc. A needexistsforareactorWhichhasahighrateofenergy transfer to the feed, a long residence time of feed betWeen electrodes, minimal electrode erosion, minimal gas blanket ing of the electrodes, and good separation of electrolysis products, and meeting that need is an object of the present invention. SuspendedMetalsExtraction Pulsedelectric?eldsentailpulsedmagnetic?eldsbecause everycurrentcreatesamagnetic?eldaroundit.Pulsingmag netic?eldsrepelconductiveconstituents,suchassuspended metalsandbrine,byLenZ’slaW.Thisisinductiverepulsion. Conventional approaches to suspended metals extraction rely on chemical methods. Chemical methods are impractical for large ?oWs, such as municipal Water supply, due to the expenseofreagents,thedi?icultyofmixingthemthoroughly, andthedif?cultyofregeneratingthereagents.Becausethe concentrationofsuspendedmetalsissosmall(ontheorderof partsperbillion),andthevolumeofcontaminatedWatertobe treated is so enormous, chemical methods for extracting sus pended metals are di?icult to scale up from the laboratory economically.Adsorptivemedia,?occulants,andcatalysts areoverWhelnedbythelarge?oWsrequired.A needexistsfor non-chemical means for suspended metals extraction. Arsenic(As)andmercury(Hg)aretoxicmetalsWhichmay be invery loW but dangerous concentration inWater. The US EPAlimitforarsenicis10partsperbillion,andtheWater supplyofmany millionsofpeopleexceedsthatlimit.Other metals of concern are iron (Fe), lead (Pb) and aluminum (Al). Valuable suspended metals, such as gold, are an unexploited resource. Providing non-chemical means for oxidation and agglom erationofsuspendedmetals,sotheycanbeeffectively?ltered doWnstream by suitable means, is another object of the presentinvention. CoolingWaterTreatment Chemical methods for preventing scale in heat exchange tubesandforkillingthemicroorganismsWhicheatmetalsand cause biofouling are becoming prohibitively expensive. See D.Daniels,“Putalidonrisingchemicalcosts,”POWER v. 152,no.9,pp.74-78(September2008).A needexistsforan alternativetotheconventionalchemicalmeansforcooling Water treatment, and meeting that need is an object of the presentinvention. By pulsing is meant the variation of a uniform polarity electric?eldacrossacontrolvolumeinaWorkspace.Pulsing may be by pulsed poWer supply into a static electrode facing that control volume, Which is the conventional method. In Gupta, supra,avoltageof30-50kV Was appliedinpulsesof 200-400 nanoseconds to the axial anode of a cylindrical reac torbyanL-Cchain,resultingin10mm longcoronadis 40 chargesfromtheanodeintotheWater.Schriveetal.,US. Pat. No. 7,381,328 (Jun. 3, 2008), discloses a pulsing (1 micro second)mechanismcomprisingaDC poWersource,asWitch, an inductor, and a capacitor in series With means 5 for sub jectinga?oWofe?lluentstoapulsedelectric?eld[8:39-53]. 45 Themeans forpulsingknoWntopriorartareelectronicmeans forpulsatileDC toelectrodes,asinGuptaandinShriveetal. GlidingArc Reactors Alternatively, pulsing may occur When a discharge, Whetheranarcoracorona,sWeepsthroughthecontrolvol ume,asinaglidingarc(Glidarc)reactor.A glidingarcdis charge connects electrodes but is not alloWed to dWell at any spot so as to erode them. Moving the electrodes, or moving the ?uid betWeen them through Which the arc propagates, causesthearctomove throughthecontrolvolume, andthere fore gliding arc discharge is another form of pulsed electric ?elds.An improvedversionofglidarc(GlidarcI)comprises onerotatingcylindricalelectrodenestedWithacoaxialstatic electrode, and axial feed ?oW betWeen the electrodes. A. CZernichoWski,etal.,US.Pat.No.6,924,608(2005).Glid 60 ingarcreactorsknoWn totheartoperateathighvoltageWith loW alternating current. TheGlidarcIdiscussedaboveandthereactordisclosedby Hayashi,etal.,US. Pat.No.5,817,218(1998)areexamples ofreactorsWherethereisshearbetWeentheelectrodes,using65 shearinsteadofpressurizedgas?oW topreventerosion.Both shoW a singlemoving electrode. Inthe Glidarc Itherotating 35 50 55PDF Image | ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND SHEAR CAVITATION RADIAL COUNTERFLOW LIQUIDPROCESSOR
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