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Reverse Osmosis Feed Pretreatment Before feed can be allowed to contact reverse osmosis membranes, it must be pretreated upstream. Precipitates, suchascalciumcarbonate,andbiofoulingmay blockthetiny poresofthemembrane.A needexistsforanalternativetothe conventional chemical means for reverse osmosis feed pre treatment, and meeting that need is an object of the present invention. SoilandSludgeDisinfection Sludge from dirty Water may be polluted by live microor ganisms Which are harmful to young plants. Amoebas and other pathogens in sludge may be harmful to humans Which consumeplantsgroWninsuchsoil.A needexistsforeco nomical high-throughput muddy Water disinfection, and the presentinventionaddressesthatneed. Field Water Puri?cation Field Water puri?cation, to make potable Water out of a supply contaminated by amoebas, foul gases, and various pathogens, is conventionally practiced by reverse osmosis ?ltrationfolloWingextensivechemicalpretreatment.The20 energy required for reverse osmosis ?ltration is enormous, pre-treatmentisexpensiveandcomplex,andthemembranes eventually clog. In War Zones, or disaster areas, the electric poWerandchemicalsforconventional?eldWaterpuri?cation maynotbeavailable.Simplemeansforphysical?eldWater 25 puri?cation, not requiring chemical additives, membranes, high poWer, or ?ltration, is also an object of the present invention. 10 electrodes become shearing plates of a dynamic capacitor havinglargechargesseparatedacrosstheWorkspace.A high rateofenergytransferintothe?uidispossiblebecauseofthe high current betWeen the plates. Erosion is prevented by moving the plates so as to separate the ends of incipient arcs. ShearingtheWaterandcausingfractalturbulencecompris ingcoherentloWpressuresink?oW conduitscausesodorants and noncondensible gases to evolve and to be sucked quickly out of the Water by the axial suction pump. The deodoriZed Water atomiZes at the periphery of the Workspace, Where the shearingimpellersarecloselyseparated.AtomiZingcreates largesurfaceareaforevolutionofanyresidualodorants,and also causes evaporative cooling for doWnstream use of the e?luent as cooling Water. Cavitationbubblesarestrippedofevolvednoncondensible gases, Which are immediately sucked radially inWard and out of the Workspace, so they cannot remix folloWing evolution. Thereforecavitationbubblecollapseneartheperipheryofthe Workspaceisnotcushionedbythepresenceinthebubblesof noncondensibles,andisveryenergeticforproductionofUV radiation,OH radicals,andlethalshockWavesandmicrojets, alincloseproximitytotargetpathogens. Inadditiontotheeffectofshearcavitation,theremay bean effect of pulsed electric ?elds Where the counter-rotating impellerscompriseoppositelychargedelectrodes.Shear betWeentheelectrodespreventsarcdWellingandpoWerden sitiesWhichmay causeerosion,andalsohelpstomix OH radicals formed by cold plasma processes into the Water for disinfection. Solutes such as suspended metals and ionic con stituentsinthefeedareinductivelyrepulsedfromtheperiph eryoftheWorkspaceby?uctuatingmagnetic?eldsbetWeen theelectrodes,butpureWatercan?oW throughtheperiphery because it is nonconductive. So concentrated brine and sus pendedmetalslingerinthehighturbulenceoftheWorkspace, thesolutionintheWorkspacebecomessaturated,andcrys talliZationandagglomerationoccursintheWorkspaceasfeed ?oWs incontinuously. Shock Waves from cavitation in the Workspace impart momentum tothesuspendedmetalsandnucleatedcrystals,so theycollideandcohere.Turbulencebringsparticlesintocon tact,Withmomentumovercomingtheirelectrostaticrepul sion,andthesuspendedmetalsandcrystallizedsaltsagglom erate in chunks until the chunks gain su?icient momentum fromtheimpellerstobatterthroughthehighturbulenceand inductiverepulsionandbeejectedfromtheperiphery.Thus agglomeratedintochunks,thecrystalliZedsaltsandthesus pendedmetals,suchasarsenic,mercury,iron,aluminum,and gold,become easyto?lterby suitablemeans doWnstream of the shear reactor. EvenWidediametercentrifugalimpellerscanbedrivenby the peripheral drive Wheels at nearly exact counter-rotation abouttheimpelleraxis.To addmore torquefortherotationof the impellers, more peripheral drive Wheels can be used, or one or more geared peripheral drive Wheels engaging a cir cularrackgearormitregearteethontheimpellers.The peripheral drive Wheels also serve to maintain close impeller separationdespitetheirelectrostaticattractionandtheradial ?oW throughthenarroW spacebetWeentherugoseannuli.The drive Wheels could be bicycle or truck tires. Truck tires on a truckaxle,drivenbyatruckmotor,coulddrivethedevice.A pedaling human could drive a household-scale ?eld Water puri?cationunit. In an alternative embodiment, there is only one rotating centrifugal impeller and the opposing surface to it, de?ning theradialWorkspace,isstationary.Thisisstilcounter-rota tion, under the preferred de?nition. As in the preferred embodiment, a radial shear layer, orthogonal to the impeller SUMMARYOFTHEINVENTION 30 The following description is directed toWard the applica tion of the invention to solving problems of Water puri?ca tion. HoWever, itWill be apparent to anyone skilled in the art thatthisinventioncanalsobeusedfortheprocessingofother35 ?uids, such as in food or beverage processing, as Well as for chemicalreactors,hydrocarbonmixtures,andcombinations ofpollutants,toproduceimprovedreactions,separations,and crackingofthe?uidcomponents. Inthepreferredembodimentfor?eldWaterpuri?cation, 40 axiallyfedcounter-rotatingdisk-shapedcentrifugalimpellers shear Water betWeen them and thereby cause fractal turbu lence in a radial shear layer. Dissolved gases evolve betWeen theimpellersfromshearcavitationandfromelectrohydraulic cavitationduetopulsedelectric?elds.Theevolvedgasesare 45 axially extracted along the cores of radial vortices in the fractalturbulenceoftheshearlayer.Evolvedgasesaresucked throughtheradialvortexcoresintotheimpelleraxisofrota tionby anaxialsuctionpump Whilethecentrifugalimpellers counter-rotateandadvectfeedradiallyoutWardinhighshear. 50 This is radial counter?oW, von Karman sWirling ?oW in an opensystem:Water?oWs incontinuouslyattheimpelleraxis, evolved gas ?oWs continuously out at the impeller axis, and degassedanddisinfectedWateriscontinuouslyatomiZedout attheperipheryoftheWorkspace.Anadvantageofthepresent55 inventionisthelongresidencetimeofthefeedintheturbulent processing Zone as radial counter?oW occurs. Electrohydrauliccavitationisduetomechanicallypulsed dischargesbetWeenoppositelychargedrugoseannularelec trodesonthecounter-rotatingimpellers.Therugosesurfaces 60 incounter-rotationperiodicallyreducethedistancebetWeen theelectrodesandtherebycauseaudiofrequencypulsedelec tric ?elds across the Workspace. The electrodes on the impellers are preferably charged by theircounter-rotationthroughacommonaxialmagnetic?eld, 65 making each electrode a disk dynamo, or Faraday disk, With large opposite radial currents in each electrode. Thus the US 8,268,136B2PDF Image | ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND SHEAR CAVITATION RADIAL COUNTERFLOW LIQUIDPROCESSOR
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