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13 pump pressure caused by suitable means (not shown). Each impeller acts as a centrifugal pump. In an alternative embodi ment, shown in FIG. 6 and FIG. 7, there is only one rotating impeller, and the opposing surface Which de?nes the Work spaceispartofastaticcasing.Exactlycounter-rotatingcen trifugal impellers are preferred because for a given rotation speed the shear is greater than With an impeller and a static casing, and because the radial vortices in the shear layer are approximatelystraightconduitsforpassageofevolvedgases, ratherthancurvedconduitsasinthealternativeembodiment. 14 eration of suspended metals. Electrohydraulic cavitation caused by corona streamers causes shock Waves, microjets, and gas evolution. ElectrolysisproductsarenotalloWedtolingerattheelec trodes, but are continuously sWept aWay and axially extracted. Hydrogen from electrolysis is a loW density frac tion, having a molar mass of only 2 g/mol. The molar mass of thefeedadvectedinlaminarboundarylayersalongtheelec trodes, here Water, is much higher, at 18 g/mol. Therefore hydrogenisimmediatelydisplacedfromthecathodebythe feedandisextractedalongWithotherevolvedgasesthrough the radial vortices. Immediate axial extraction of hydrogen preventsrecombinationofelectrolysisproductsinthereactor andthusincreasestheconcentrationofOH radicalsinthe turbulentWorkspace. US 8,268,136B2 Each impeller 4,5 preferably comprises a radial array of runners 6, as shoWn in FIG. 3. The runners on each impeller curve in an opposite sense. See FIG. 3a, Where the runner of the top impeller is a solid line and the runner of the bottom impelleristhehatchedline.Alternatively,allorpartofoneor bothoftherotatingsurfacesde?ningtheWorkspacemay be rugose.By thetermrugoseismeanttheoppositeofsmooth, andincludesridgedsurfaces,pittedsurfaces,bumpysurfaces, inWardvortexpumpingandradiallyinWardadvectionis andothernon-smoothsurfaces.Alternatively,allorpartofthe20 rotating surface could be smooth. Momentum transfer into the ?uid Within the Workspace occurs due to contact betWeen thefeedandtherotatingsurfaces. As the impellers counter-rotate, there is high shear, and thereforetransientloWpressure,atthepointsofintersection25 of their opposed and separated runners, as shoWn in FIG. 3a. The pointsofintersectionmove radiallyoutWardinastraight line, shoWn by the dashed line. The radially outWard advec tionoftherunnerscombinesWiththeshearbetWeenthemand thesuctionoftheaxialsuctionpump 14tocausecoherent 30 radialvorticesintheWorkspace,Whichactassink?oW con duits for evolved gases. Shear betWeen the runners creates the vapor pressure of WaterinthevolumebetWeentherunnersatthatpointof35 intersection. At that pressure, the Water changes state from liquidtovapor.A cavitationbubbleformsintheWaterand noncondensiblesandvolatilecompoundsevolveatthebubble surface. The point of intersection moves radially outWard continuously,sothecavitationbubblesarenotsphericalbut 40 helical,havingalargesurfaceareaforevolutionofgases,and the evolved gases Within these bubbles can be extracted by providing a loW pressure sink at the axis of rotation of the impellers, by means of an axial suction pump 14, Which communicatesWiththehelicalbubblesthroughtheaxial45 exhaust port 13 in the top impeller 5. When helicalcavitationbubblescollapse,theloWpressure pathformass How isalongtheaxisofthehelix,Whichisthe axis of radial vortices, so there is also a radially inWard axial jetWhichpumpsevolvedgastoWardtheaxisa-aandrecircu 50 latesWaterforlongerresidencetime.Thisisvortexpumping. The vortex-Wall interaction (see FIGS. 5a, 5b, and 5c) of the radial vortices and the narroWing separation betWeen the impellers causes axial jets to squirt radially inWard through radialvortexcores,therebyrecyclingfeedandincreasing55 residence time of pathogens betWeen the rugose annuli 8, Whereshearcavitationandpulsedelectric?eldscankillthem. Close separation at the points of intersection also creates strongelectric?eldsWhentherunnersareoppositelycharged. Theunitofmeasurementofelectric?eldstrengthisV/cm,so 60 itcanbe seenthatdecreasingtheseparationoftheelectrodes increasestheelectric?eld.Becausethepointsofintersection move, discharges through the Workspace at these points of intersection glide along the runners and do not dWell so as to causeelectrodeerosion.Oppositechargesontheimpellers65 causeelectrolysisandthecreationofOH radicalsforoxida tiveprocessessuchasdisinfectionofpathogensandagglom assistedbytheWorkoftheaxialsuctionpump14.The stripped gases discharged by the axial suction pump are recovered, vented, or otherWise treated by suitable means. Methane,chlorine,nitrogen,ammonia,hydrogen,volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other gases are stripped from the Water through the radial vortices by the radially After a long residence time migrating outWard in high turbulence betWeen the impellers, degassed, demineraliZed, demetalled,disinfectedanddesalinatedWateratomiZesin highshearasitexitstheconvergentperiphery9oftheWork space,therebyprovidingalargesurfaceareaforevaporative cooling and evolution of residual odorants. The atomiZed Water is collected and separated by suitable means doWn stream,suchas?ltrationorcentrifugation,toremoveagglom eratedsuspendedmetals,crystalliZedsalts,andagglomerated biologicalmatter. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is poorly soluble in pure Water. Carbon dioxide (CO2) inWater drives calcium carbon ateintosolutiontocausescaleproblemsdoWnstream.Degas sing the dissolved carbon dioxide causes precipitation of scale-forming compounds in the reactor, before they can reachheatexchangesurfaces,sotheycanbeeasily?lteredout by suitable means. Scaling in cooling Water pipes, Which leadstocorrosionandblockage,istherebyprevented. Agitation and heating of the Water also assists precipita tion. The enthalpy increase due to cavitation and agitation causes inverse-solubility salts to come out of solution. Suit able means (not shoWn) for external heat ?ux into the impel lers,soastomakethemheatingsurfaces,Wouldfurtherassist crystallizationofinversesolubilitysaltssuchascalciumcar bonateandcalciumsulfate,Whicharethescale-formingcom pounds.ThehighshearoftheheatingsurfacesWouldprovide forcedconvectionintheWorkspace,toadvecthotWateraWay andpreventscalingontheheatexchangesurfacesofthe precipitatingreactor. In addition, the biocidal effect of cavitation and pulsed electric?eldskillsmetal-eatingbacteriaandmicroorganisms Which might cause biofouling. Thus the present invention providesanalternativetochemicaltreatmentforprotecting coolingWaterpipes. Reverse osmosis membranes need to be protected from fouling by pre-treating the feed, and the present invention provides means for crystalliZing scale-forming compounds andkillingmicrobesinreverseosmosisfeedphysically,With out resort to added chemicals. The axial suction pump 14 could be a steam ejector, a positive displacement pump, or various pumps knoWn to the art, comprising motor means (not shoWn). The axial suction pumpcreatesaloWpressuresinkattheimpelleraxisof rotationa-a,andHow toWardtheaxisa-aWillbereferredtoas sink?oW. FloW intheoppositedirection,radiallyoutWardPDF Image | ELECTROHYDRAULIC AND SHEAR CAVITATION RADIAL COUNTERFLOW LIQUIDPROCESSOR
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